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The effect of population density on the phenotype, metabolic and immunological adaptations in the cuticle of Spodoptera litura larvae
Pest Management Science ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2025-01-08 , DOI: 10.1002/ps.8635
Liang Wen, Tingting Jin, Xingshi Luo, Huiting Yuan, Jin Li, Chongbo Xu, Fengliang Jin, Jie Zhang, Xiao‐Qiang Yu
Pest Management Science ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2025-01-08 , DOI: 10.1002/ps.8635
Liang Wen, Tingting Jin, Xingshi Luo, Huiting Yuan, Jin Li, Chongbo Xu, Fengliang Jin, Jie Zhang, Xiao‐Qiang Yu
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BACKGROUNDSpecies that experience outbreaks and those that display density‐dependent phase polymorphism demonstrate density‐dependent prophylaxis (DDP) by increasing their immune investment in response to increasing densities. Despite this phenomenon, the mechanisms of DDP remain largely unexplored.RESULTSHere, we showed that Spodoptera litura exhibited heightened cuticular melanization and enhanced cuticular immune responses when reared at higher population density. Transcriptomic analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with immune responses, nutritional metabolism, and cuticular synthesis in the cuticle, revealing the molecular underpinnings of density‐dependent plasticity in larval cuticles. Gregarious S. litura larvae exhibited significant up‐regulation of immune‐related genes, particularly those in the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) signaling pathways and tyrosine metabolism, suggesting a strategic enhancement of immune defenses. Concurrently, a reduced lipid metabolism was observed in the cuticle of gregarious larvae, with suppressed expression of key genes in the fatty acid synthesis, leading to a decrease in integument triglyceride content. The immune defense of gregarious larvae was further amplified by increased expression of cuticle‐ and melanin formation‐related genes, and reduced chitin degradation, reinforcing the cuticle as a physical barrier against pathogens.CONCLUSIONOur findings clarify that shifts in phenotypic plasticity, metabolic pathways, and immune response mechanisms underscore the adaptability of insects to population density changes and their consequent vulnerability to pathogens, offering new directions and insights for uncovering the mechanisms underlying pest outbreaks and for enhancing the effectiveness of biological control measures by targeting gregarious immunity. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
中文翻译:
种群密度对斜纹夜蛾幼虫角质层表型、代谢和免疫适应的影响
背景经历爆发的特派和表现出密度依赖性相位多态性的特派通过增加免疫投资来应对密度增加来证明密度依赖性预防 (DDP)。尽管存在这种现象,但 DDP 的机制在很大程度上仍未得到探索。结果此外,我们发现 Spodoptera litura 在较高的种群密度下饲养时表现出增强的表皮黑色素化和增强的表皮免疫反应。转录组学分析确定了与角质层中的免疫反应、营养代谢和角质层合成相关的差异表达基因 (DEG),揭示了幼虫角质层中密度依赖性可塑性的分子基础。群居的 S. litura 幼虫表现出免疫相关基因的显着上调,尤其是 Toll 和免疫缺陷 (IMD) 信号通路和酪氨酸代谢中的基因,表明免疫防御的战略增强。同时,在群居幼虫的角质层中观察到脂质代谢降低,脂肪酸合成中关键基因的表达受到抑制,导致外皮甘油三酯含量降低。群居幼虫的免疫防御通过角质层和黑色素形成相关基因的表达增加而进一步放大,减少了几丁质素降解,加强了角质层作为抵御病原体的物理屏障。结论研究结果阐明,表型可塑性、代谢途径和免疫反应机制的变化强调了昆虫对种群密度变化的适应性及其随之而来的对病原体的脆弱性,为揭示有害生物爆发的机制和通过靶向群居免疫提高生物防治措施的有效性提供了新的方向和见解。© 2025 化工学会.
更新日期:2025-01-08
中文翻译:
![](https://scdn.x-mol.com/jcss/images/paperTranslation.png)
种群密度对斜纹夜蛾幼虫角质层表型、代谢和免疫适应的影响
背景经历爆发的特派和表现出密度依赖性相位多态性的特派通过增加免疫投资来应对密度增加来证明密度依赖性预防 (DDP)。尽管存在这种现象,但 DDP 的机制在很大程度上仍未得到探索。结果此外,我们发现 Spodoptera litura 在较高的种群密度下饲养时表现出增强的表皮黑色素化和增强的表皮免疫反应。转录组学分析确定了与角质层中的免疫反应、营养代谢和角质层合成相关的差异表达基因 (DEG),揭示了幼虫角质层中密度依赖性可塑性的分子基础。群居的 S. litura 幼虫表现出免疫相关基因的显着上调,尤其是 Toll 和免疫缺陷 (IMD) 信号通路和酪氨酸代谢中的基因,表明免疫防御的战略增强。同时,在群居幼虫的角质层中观察到脂质代谢降低,脂肪酸合成中关键基因的表达受到抑制,导致外皮甘油三酯含量降低。群居幼虫的免疫防御通过角质层和黑色素形成相关基因的表达增加而进一步放大,减少了几丁质素降解,加强了角质层作为抵御病原体的物理屏障。结论研究结果阐明,表型可塑性、代谢途径和免疫反应机制的变化强调了昆虫对种群密度变化的适应性及其随之而来的对病原体的脆弱性,为揭示有害生物爆发的机制和通过靶向群居免疫提高生物防治措施的有效性提供了新的方向和见解。© 2025 化工学会.