Monsoon precipitation is the critical source of freshwater for some of the world’s most densely populated areas, yet extreme precipitation events in these regions present significant risks, including devastating floods and damage to agriculture and infrastructure. Recent events, such as the severe flooding and landslides during the 2023 North India monsoon and the 2022 Pakistan floods,11For example, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/09/01/pakistan-flooding-crisis-climate-change-governance/ and https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/10/india-floods-new-delhi-rain-record-deaths (last assessed 30 September 2024). underscore the pressing need to better understand and predict these hazards. While the science of monsoons has been studied for decades, with theories centered on global dynamics and moist energy budgets to explain the zonal mean state of monsoon and factors leading to regional differences, one key theme of all these analyses is the spatiotemporal variability of rainfall from the dry to wet seasons. A key challenge is understanding and predicting extreme rainfall incidents during monsoon seasons to help mitigate dire undesired consequences.

中文翻译：

---

复杂网络视角下季风极端降水事件同步研究综述


季风降水是世界上一些人口最稠密地区的关键淡水来源，但这些地区的极端降水事件会带来重大风险，包括毁灭性的洪水以及对农业和基础设施的破坏。最近的事件，例如 2023 年北印度季风和 2022 年巴基斯坦洪水期间的严重洪水和山体滑坡，11例如 https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/09/01/pakistan-flooding-crisis-climate-change-governance/ 和 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/10/india-floods-new-delhi-rain-record-deaths（上次评估时间为 2024 年 9 月 30 日）。强调更好地了解和预测这些危害的迫切需要。虽然季风科学已经研究了几十年，理论以全球动力学和湿能量收支为中心来解释季风的纬向平均状态和导致区域差异的因素，但所有这些分析的一个关键主题是从旱季到雨季的降雨时空变化。一个关键挑战是了解和预测季风季节的极端降雨事件，以帮助减轻可怕的不良后果。