Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSV) preferentially replicate in cancer cells while inducing antitumor immunity, and thus, they are often referred to as in situ cancer vaccines. OHSV infection of tumors elicits diverse host immune responses comprising both innate and adaptive components. Although the innate/adaptive immune responses primarily target the tumor, they also contribute to antiviral immunity, limiting viral replication/oncolysis. OHSV-encoded proteins use various mechanisms to evade host antiviral pathways and immune recognition, favoring oHSV replication, oncolysis and spread. In general, oHSV infection and replication within tumors results in a series of sequential events, such as oncolysis and release of tumor and viral antigens, dendritic cell (DC)-mediated antigen presentation, T cell priming and activation, T cell trafficking and infiltration to tumors, and T cell recognition of cancer cells, leading to tumor (and viral) clearance. These sequential events align with all steps of the cancer-immunity cycle. However, a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between oHSV and host immune responses is crucial to optimize oHSV-induced antitumor immunity and efficacy. Therefore, this review aims to elucidate oHSV's communication with innate and adaptive immune systems and utilize such interactions to improve oHSV's potential as a potent immunovirotherapeutic agent against cancer.

中文翻译：

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了解 oHSV 与宿主免疫系统之间的相互作用：对治疗性溶瘤病毒开发的影响。


溶瘤性单纯疱疹病毒 （oHSV） 优先在癌细胞中复制，同时诱导抗肿瘤免疫，因此，它们通常被称为原位癌症疫苗。肿瘤的 OHSV 感染会引发不同的宿主免疫反应，包括先天性和适应性成分。尽管先天性/适应性免疫反应主要针对肿瘤，但它们也有助于抗病毒免疫，限制病毒复制/溶瘤。OHSV 编码的蛋白质使用各种机制来逃避宿主抗病毒途径和免疫识别，有利于 oHSV 复制、溶瘤和传播。一般来说，oHSV 感染和肿瘤内的复制会导致一系列连续事件，例如肿瘤溶解和肿瘤和病毒抗原的释放、树突状细胞 （DC） 介导的抗原呈递、T 细胞启动和激活、T 细胞运输和浸润到肿瘤，以及 T 细胞识别癌细胞，导致肿瘤（和病毒）清除。这些连续事件与癌症免疫周期的所有步骤一致。然而，全面了解 oHSV 与宿主免疫反应之间的相互作用对于优化 oHSV 诱导的抗肿瘤免疫和疗效至关重要。因此，本综述旨在阐明 oHSV 与先天性和适应性免疫系统的通信，并利用这种相互作用来提高 oHSV 作为抗癌症的有效免疫病毒治疗剂的潜力。