In 1911, numerous women’s organizations, of varying political interests, mounted a campaign against the National Insurance Bill. Such opposition emerged despite feminist support for increased welfare provision in general and especially for the maternity benefit that the Bill proposed to introduce. Feminists criticized National Insurance for discriminating against women, especially its failure to recognize the economic contribution of women’s unwaged reproductive labour. They lobbied and campaigned for a series of amendments, some of which were successful. Feminist opposition to National Insurance sheds new light on an ongoing historiographical debate over the degree to which women were able to influence early welfare states prior to enfranchisement. Their activities cannot be easily contained within a framework of ‘maternalist feminism’, and call into question distinctions between ‘maternalist’/‘social’ feminism and ‘equality’ feminism, and middle-class and working-class women’s agendas. Instead, feminist campaigns around National Insurance reveal an early analysis of ‘social reproduction’ (the origins of which are usually traced back only to ‘second wave’ feminism) whereby British feminists participated in international conversations contesting the gendered definitions of work that went on to inform insurance-based welfare states across Europe.

中文翻译：

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1911 年英国《国民保险法》中的女权主义、生殖劳动和性别福利国家


1911 年，许多具有不同政治利益的妇女组织发起了一场反对《国家保险法案》的运动。尽管女权主义者普遍支持增加福利，尤其是该法案提议引入的产科福利，但这种反对还是出现了。女权主义者批评国家保险歧视女性，尤其是它未能认识到女性无薪生殖劳动的经济贡献。他们游说并争取一系列修正案，其中一些取得了成功。女权主义对国民保险的反对为正在进行的史学辩论提供了新的视角，该辩论关于女性在获得选举权之前能够在多大程度上影响早期福利国家。她们的活动不能轻易地被限制在“母性主义女权主义”的框架内，并质疑“母性主义”/“社会”女权主义和“平等”女权主义之间的区别，以及中产阶级和工人阶级女性议程之间的区别。相反，围绕国民保险的女权主义运动揭示了对“社会再生产”的早期分析（其起源通常只可以追溯到“第二波”女权主义），英国女权主义者参与了国际对话，质疑工作的性别定义，这些定义后来为欧洲以保险为基础的福利国家提供了信息。