In physical experiment teaching, real experiments can provide students with practical experience and foster their operation concepts and skills, but the efficiency is low and many uncertain factors exist. In comparison, virtual experiments can visualize abstract concepts and improve the success rate of the experiments, but they cannot provide students with real experience or sufficient training of their operation ability. Because of the unique advantages that can be derived from combining the two, combining real and virtual experiments (CRVE) is gradually becoming more widely used in physics teaching. Although much empirical research has been carried out to assess learning achievement in CRVE, few studies have comprehensively investigated the statistical combination of the results from multiple studies regarding learning achievement in CRVE. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted in the present study to analyze 27 independent experimental studies after pre-selecting 4523 journal papers published between 2001 and 2021 to systematically examine the effects of CRVE on learning achievement. The findings show that CRVE contributes positively to learning achievement in physics courses compared to real experiments (ES = 0.66). In addition, subgroup analyses revealed that study results are influenced by three moderating variables: physics themes, sample size, and CRVE sequence. We found that learning more complex and abstract physical concepts is more conducive to the strengths of CRVE. Meanwhile, CRVE works best in small-scale courses; among all sequences, the CRVE sequence designed based on the theoretical framework is the most effective in terms of enhancing learning achievement. Finally, some suggestions are made for the application and study of CRVE in the teaching of physics based on the findings of the study.

中文翻译：

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结合真实和虚拟实验是否能提高物理学的学习成绩？来自荟萃分析的证据 （2001–2021）


在物理实验教学中，真实实验可以为学生提供实践经验，培养他们的操作理念和技能，但效率低下，存在许多不确定因素。相比之下，虚拟实验可以将抽象概念可视化，提高实验的成功率，但无法为学生提供真实的体验或足够的操作能力训练。由于将真实实验与虚拟实验相结合具有独特的优势，因此将真实实验与虚拟实验相结合 （CRVE） 正逐渐在物理教学中得到更广泛的应用。尽管已经进行了大量实证研究来评估 CRVE 中的学习成绩，但很少有研究全面调查了关于 CRVE 学习成绩的多项研究结果的统计组合。因此，本研究在预选 27 年至 2001 年间发表的 4523 篇期刊论文后进行了荟萃分析，分析了 2021 项独立的实验研究，以系统地检验 CRVE 对学习成绩的影响。研究结果表明，与实际实验相比，CRVE 对物理课程的学习成绩有积极贡献 （ES = 0.66）。此外，亚组分析显示，研究结果受三个调节变量的影响：物理主题、样本量和 CRVE 序列。我们发现，学习更复杂和抽象的物理概念更有利于 CRVE 的优势。同时，CRVE 在小规模课程中效果最好;在所有序列中，基于理论框架设计的 CRVE 序列在提高学习成绩方面最有效。 最后，根据研究结果，对 CRVE 在物理学教学中的应用和研究提出了一些建议。