Effective monitoring of veterinary drug residues in food is essential for legislation compliance and food safety, yet remains challenging due to low concentrations and complex matrices. This study introduced a miniaturized 96-well electromembrane extraction (EME) technique for pre-concentration and isolation 80 prohibited/restricted veterinary drugs from honey samples. Three liquid membranes were developed and characterized: V1 (“V” for veterinary), a mixture of 2-undecanone and 0.5 % 2-nitro-p-cymene, was optimal for extraction of quinolones, tetracyclines, and β-agonists. V2, a mixture of 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether and a deep eutectic solution (formed upon mixing 6-methylcoumarin with thymol in a 1:1 w/w ratio) in a 1:1 v/v ratio, with the addition of 0.5 % di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP), was suitable for macrolides and sulfonamides extraction. V3, a deep eutectic solvent formed upon 1-decanoic acid and camphor in a 1:1 w/w ratio with 1 % DEHP, was suitable for aminoglycosides and β-lactams. Operational parameters were fine-tuned to achieve optimal extraction efficiencies, with recoveries ranging from 20.1–117.5 %, 20.3–91.9 %, and 20.1–118.8 % for V1, V2, and V3, respectively. High precision was observed for compounds with recoveries over 40 % (intra-day: 0.4–27.7 %; inter-day: 2.6–33.0 %), and matrix effects were generally within 80–120 %. This work established a theoretical framework for EME in food analysis, highlighting its potential as a powerful sample pretreatment method for the detection of veterinary drug residues. The results demonstrated the feasibility and advantages of using EME for ensuring food safety and regulatory compliance.

中文翻译：

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从食品样品中电膜提取多类违禁/限制兽药 – 探索液膜成分


有效监测食品中的兽药残留对于法规遵从性和食品安全至关重要，但由于浓度低且基质复杂，仍然具有挑战性。本研究引入了一种小型化 96 孔电膜提取 （EME） 技术，用于从蜂蜜样品中预浓缩和分离 80 种违禁/限制兽药。开发并表征了三种液膜：V1（“V”代表兽医），2-十一酮和 0.5% 2-硝基对-伞草酮的混合物，是提取喹诺酮类、四环素类和β激动剂的最佳选择。V2 是 2-硝基苯基辛醚和深共熔溶液（将 6-甲基香豆素与百里香酚以 1：1 w/w 的比例混合形成）的混合物，以 1：1 v/v 的比例，加入 0.5% 磷酸二（2-乙基己基）磷酸酯 （DEHP），适用于大环内酯类和磺胺类药物的提取。V3 是一种由 1-癸酸和樟脑以 1：1 w/w 比例与 1% DEHP 形成的深共熔溶剂，适用于氨基糖苷类和 β-内酰胺类。对操作参数进行微调以实现最佳提取效率，V1、V2 和 V3 的回收率分别为 20.1–117.5 %、20.3–91.9 % 和 20.1–118.8 %。对于回收率超过 40 % 的化合物（日内：0.4–27.7 %;日间：2.6–33.0 %），观察到高精密度，基质效应通常在 80–120 % 之间。这项工作为食品分析中的 EME 建立了理论框架，突出了其作为检测兽药残留的强大样品预处理方法的潜力。结果证明了使用 EME 确保食品安全和法规合规性的可行性和优势。