Synergism of piezoelectricity and photocatalysis is an effective approach for pollutant degradation and removal, and has garnered considerable attention. Nonetheless, great challenges still remain in recombination and slow migration rate of charge carriers. For response, a novel Three-in-One strategy based on MXene/ZnS/Fe3O4 (MZF) was developed to enhance the piezoelectric photocatalytic activity via achieving a triple effect: Dual Schottky heterojunction, Interface electric field, and Oxygen vacancy. The integration of triple effect enabled MZF to achieve remarkable piezo-photocatalytic performance, greatly improving the separation efficiency and migration rate of charge carriers, which increased the pollutant removal rate by 2.6 times through the synergistic effect. MZF achieved a higher degradation rate constant of 0.10, surpassing MXene (0.022), ZnS (0.029), Fe3O4 (0.010), MXene/ZnS (0.071), MXene/Fe3O4 (0.030), and ZnS/Fe3O4 (0.024), overall leading to a 100 % elimination of typical pollutants such as fluoroquinolones (FQs). Additionally, it demonstrated a superior removal capability compared to unitary and binary materials. The degradation products of FQ were identified by UPLC-MS, and degradation pathways were articulated as cleavage of the quinolone ring, cleavage of the piperazine ring, and defluorination. 1H NMR analysis confirmed that MZF completely degraded FQ into inorganic small molecule compounds. Toxicity analyses of the degradation products, conducted using toxicity estimation software and bacterial tests, indicated low and even non-toxic levels. This study outlines an innovative collaborative strategy to advance piezoelectric photocatalysis for efficient pollutant treatment.

中文翻译：

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基于双肖特基异质结、界面电场和氧空位的三合一策略增强MXene/ZnS/Fe3O4的压电光催化活性，用于污染物的降解和去除


压电和光催化的协同作用是降解和去除污染物的有效方法，并引起了相当大的关注。尽管如此，载流子的复合和缓慢迁移速率仍然存在巨大挑战。为此，开发了一种基于 MXene/ZnS/Fe3O4 （MZF） 的新型三合一策略，通过实现三重效应：双肖特基异质结、界面电场和氧空位来增强压电光催化活性。三效的整合使 MZF 实现了显著的压电光催化性能，大大提高了载流子的分离效率和迁移速率，通过协同效应将污染物去除率提高了 2.6 倍。MZF 实现了更高的降解速率常数 0.10，超过了 MXene （0.022）、ZnS （0.029）、Fe3O4 （0.010）、MXene/ZnS （0.071）、MXene/Fe3O4 （0.030） 和 ZnS/Fe3O4 （0.024），总体上消除了 100% 的典型污染物，如氟喹诺酮类 （FQ）。此外，与单一和二元材料相比，它表现出卓越的去除能力。通过 UPLC-MS 鉴定 FQ 的降解产物，降解途径阐明为喹诺酮环裂解、哌嗪环裂解和脱氟。1H NMR 分析证实 MZF 将 FQ 完全降解为无机小分子化合物。使用毒性估计软件和细菌测试对降解产物进行的毒性分析表明，降解产物的水平很低，甚至无毒。本研究概述了一种创新的合作策略，以推进压电光催化以实现高效的污染物处理。