One of the most promising methods of decarbonizing the global building heating and cooling load is with solar photovoltaic (PV) powered heat pumps (HP). The complex nature of these systems and the interdependent interactions between each technology and the energy markets involve various sophisticated models to simulate accurately. This often leaves model descriptions lacking, particularly when qualitative discussion is required. This article reviews the models that exist and provides best practices for designing and simulating PV + HP systems of various complexities. The key performance indicators for electricity generation and total life cycle cost are summarized. This article then provides a detailed and comprehensive method for the techno-economic analysis of heat pumps powered with PV using an example of North American cold climates. For each component of the system, a model and boundary condition are described, and motivations are explained, as well as descriptions of alternatives and motivations for not using them. The result shows a method that combines five disparate models across multiple computer programs into a single analysis that produces critical metrics for technical, economic, and climate impact analysis. This paper identified the best practices for building energy demand and supply simulation with a particular focus on prosumer electrification via PV and HPs. This model is generalizable and the economic and policy implications of replacing fossil fuel heating with solar-powered heat pumps in both rural and urban areas that are discussed here, and future work is proposed to eliminate natural gas used for heating. High-leverage opportunities exist to enhance support for the development of free and open-source integrated systems modeling tools as well as open data to provide transparent trusted results to help guide policymakers and investors.

中文翻译：

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寒冷气候下太阳能光伏耦合热泵分析的技术经济方法最佳实践


全球建筑供暖和制冷负荷脱碳的最有前途的方法之一是使用太阳能光伏 （PV） 驱动的热泵 （HP）。这些系统的复杂性以及每种技术与能源市场之间相互依存的交互涉及各种复杂的模型来准确仿真。这通常会导致模型描述缺失，尤其是在需要定性讨论时。本文回顾了现有的模型，并提供了设计和仿真各种复杂度的 PV + HP 系统的最佳实践。总结了发电和总生命周期成本的关键绩效指标。然后，本文以北美寒冷气候为例，为光伏热泵的技术经济分析提供了一种详细而全面的方法。对于系统的每个组件，描述了模型和边界条件，解释了动机，以及替代方案的描述和不使用它们的动机。结果显示了一种方法，该方法将多个计算机程序中的五个不同模型组合成一个分析，该分析为技术、经济和气候影响分析生成关键指标。本文确定了建筑能源需求和供应模拟的最佳实践，特别关注通过 PV 和 HPs 实现的产消者电气化。该模型是可推广的，本文讨论了在农村和城市地区用太阳能热泵取代化石燃料供暖的经济和政策影响，并提出了消除用于供暖的天然气的未来工作。 存在高杠杆机会，以加强对免费和开源集成系统建模工具开发的支持，以及开放数据，以提供透明、可信的结果，以帮助指导政策制定者和投资者。