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Mixed Sources of Pb and Sn in late Bronze Age European tin ingots provide insights into production processes
Journal of Archaeological Science ( IF 2.6 ) Pub Date : 2024-12-17 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2024.106135
W. Powell, R. Mathur, K.A. Yener, M. Johnson
Journal of Archaeological Science ( IF 2.6 ) Pub Date : 2024-12-17 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2024.106135
W. Powell, R. Mathur, K.A. Yener, M. Johnson
Tin ingots have been the focus of multi-method studies involving Sn and Pb isotopes, as well as trace element patterns, in an effort to determine provenance. Although they are non-alloyed artifacts, it has been demonstrated recently that the Pb in most tin ingots was acquired from multiple sources. Herein, we re-examine the corpus of analytical chemical and isotopic studies of European tin ingots from prehistory to investigate the nature and extent of metal mixing in these objects. Multi-variable mixing trends were identified in 20% of Uluburun ingots and 50% of Israeli ingots. A general Pb-associated mixing trend observed throughout the full assemblage of oxhide ingots in the Uluburun cargo suggests that the extent of mixing is considerably higher. The absence of mixing patterns in Sn and Pb isotopes and small size of the ingots from SW England suggests simple one-pour casts of small ingots. In contrast, the extensive mixing in large Mediterranean ingots demonstrates that amalgamation and recasting of tin metal was commonplace within this region of extensive long-distance exchange. Mixing trends were also identified for trace elements including Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Nb, Cd, In, Sb, Te, Ta, Au, and Bi. The complex mixing patterns associated with Mediterranean tin ingots provide new information regarding the habitus of workers engaged in the chaîne opératoire of tin production, including ore purification, contamination during smelting and/or casting, and the recasting of tin to facilitate transport and exchange in the large-scale, standardized markets of the eastern Mediterranean. Given the apparent extent of mixing evident in tin ingots, mixed metal sources must be considered when interpreting the isotopic and trace element compositions of tin artifacts to infer the metal's provenance.
中文翻译:
青铜时代晚期欧洲锡锭中 Pb 和 Sn 的混合来源为生产过程提供了见解
锡锭一直是涉及 Sn 和 Pb 同位素以及微量元素模式的多方法研究的重点,以确定来源。虽然它们是非合金文物,但最近已经证明,大多数锡锭中的 Pb 是从多个来源获得的。在此,我们重新检查了史前欧洲锡锭的分析化学和同位素研究语料库,以研究这些物体中金属混合的性质和程度。在 20% 的 Uluburun 锭和 50% 的以色列锭中发现了多变量混合趋势。在 Uluburun 货物中牛皮锭的整个组合中观察到的一般铅相关混合趋势表明,混合的程度要高得多。Sn 和 Pb 同位素中没有混合模式,而且来自英格兰西南部的铸锭尺寸小,这表明小铸锭的简单一次性铸造。相比之下,地中海大型铸锭的广泛混合表明,锡金属的合并和重铸在这个广泛的长距离交换地区很常见。还确定了痕量元素的混合趋势,包括 Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Nb、Cd、In、Sb、Te、Ta、Au 和 Bi。与地中海锡锭相关的复杂混合模式提供了有关从事锡生产 chaîne opératoire 的工人习惯的新信息,包括矿石净化、冶炼和/或铸造过程中的污染以及锡的重新铸造,以促进东地中海大规模标准化市场的运输和交换。 鉴于锡锭中明显的混合程度,在解释锡制品的同位素和微量元素组成以推断金属的来源时,必须考虑混合金属来源。
更新日期:2024-12-17
中文翻译:
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青铜时代晚期欧洲锡锭中 Pb 和 Sn 的混合来源为生产过程提供了见解
锡锭一直是涉及 Sn 和 Pb 同位素以及微量元素模式的多方法研究的重点,以确定来源。虽然它们是非合金文物,但最近已经证明,大多数锡锭中的 Pb 是从多个来源获得的。在此,我们重新检查了史前欧洲锡锭的分析化学和同位素研究语料库,以研究这些物体中金属混合的性质和程度。在 20% 的 Uluburun 锭和 50% 的以色列锭中发现了多变量混合趋势。在 Uluburun 货物中牛皮锭的整个组合中观察到的一般铅相关混合趋势表明,混合的程度要高得多。Sn 和 Pb 同位素中没有混合模式,而且来自英格兰西南部的铸锭尺寸小,这表明小铸锭的简单一次性铸造。相比之下,地中海大型铸锭的广泛混合表明,锡金属的合并和重铸在这个广泛的长距离交换地区很常见。还确定了痕量元素的混合趋势,包括 Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Nb、Cd、In、Sb、Te、Ta、Au 和 Bi。与地中海锡锭相关的复杂混合模式提供了有关从事锡生产 chaîne opératoire 的工人习惯的新信息,包括矿石净化、冶炼和/或铸造过程中的污染以及锡的重新铸造,以促进东地中海大规模标准化市场的运输和交换。 鉴于锡锭中明显的混合程度,在解释锡制品的同位素和微量元素组成以推断金属的来源时,必须考虑混合金属来源。