The Mw7.8 and 7.5 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes of February 6, 2023, caused widespread devastation to building structures across Türkiye. Reinforced concrete frame-wall systems experienced severe damage, including flexure-compression and shear-compression failures, often leading to collapses. Field investigations highlighted construction malpractices, such as inadequate seismic detailing, missing cross-ties in boundary and web regions, improper reinforcement connections, insufficient lap splice lengths, and poor concrete quality. Equally critical were design deficiencies, including low wall density indices (0.2–0.4 %), inadequate consideration of frame-wall interaction effects, and large axial load variations on walls, all of which significantly impaired wall performance and ductility under seismic demands. This study evaluates structural system classification methods in the Turkish Earthquake Codes (TEC 2007 and TBDY 2018) and their impact on wall density indices through parametric analyses. The seismic performance of two buildings with varying wall densities is assessed to validate the findings. A rational framework is proposed for quantifying the required wall density index and achieving controlled damage in structural walls under seismic loading.

中文翻译：

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2023 年 2 月 6 日卡赫拉曼马拉什地震后土耳其框架墙建筑的抗震性能评估、设计和实践


2023 年 2 月 6 日的 Mw7.8 和 7.5 卡赫拉曼马拉什地震对土耳其各地的建筑结构造成了广泛的破坏。钢筋混凝土框架墙系统遭受了严重的损坏，包括弯曲压缩和剪切压缩失效，通常会导致倒塌。现场调查突出了施工不当行为，例如抗震细节不足、边界和腹板区域缺少交叉连接、钢筋连接不当、搭接接头长度不足以及混凝土质量差。同样关键的是设计缺陷，包括低壁密度指数 （0.2-0.4%）、未充分考虑框架-墙体相互作用效应以及墙体轴向载荷变化大，所有这些都严重损害了地震要求下的墙体性能和延展性。本研究通过参数分析评估了土耳其地震代码（TEC 2007 和 TBDY 2018）中的结构系统分类方法及其对壁密度指数的影响。评估了两座具有不同墙密度的建筑物的抗震性能，以验证这些发现。提出了一个合理的框架，用于量化所需的壁密度指数，并在地震载荷下实现结构墙的受控损伤。