The growing body of scientific evidence suggests that micro- and nanoplastics (MPs/NPs) pose a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. These particles can enter organisms through ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact, and trophic transfer. Exposure can directly affect multiple organs and systems (respiratory, digestive, neurological, reproductive, urinary, cardiovascular) and activate extensive intracellular signaling, inducing cytotoxicity involving mechanisms such as membrane disruption, extracellular polymer degradation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, DNA damage, cellular pore blockage, lysosomal instability, and mitochondrial depolarization. This review focuses on current research examining the in vivo and in vitro toxic effects of MPs/NPs on aquatic organisms, particularly fish, in relation to particulate toxicity aspects (such as particle transport mechanisms and structural modifications). Meanwhile, from the perspectives of the food chain and environmental factors, it emphasizes the comprehensive threats of MPs/NPs to human health in terms of both direct and indirect toxicity. Additionally, future research needs and strategies are discussed to aid in mitigating the potential risks of particulate plastics as carriers of toxic trace elements to human health.

中文翻译：

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鱼类模型中微塑料和纳米塑料的生物运输和毒性作用及其对人类的潜在风险：综述


越来越多的科学证据表明，微塑料和纳米塑料 （MP/NP） 对水生生态系统和人类健康构成重大威胁。这些颗粒可以通过摄入、吸入、皮肤接触和营养转移进入生物体。暴露可直接影响多个器官和系统（呼吸、消化、神经、生殖、泌尿、心血管）并激活广泛的细胞内信号传导，诱导细胞毒性，涉及膜破坏、细胞外聚合物降解、活性氧 （ROS） 产生、DNA 损伤、细胞孔阻塞、溶酶体不稳定和线粒体去极化等机制。本综述侧重于当前研究 MPs/NPs 对水生生物，特别是鱼类，在颗粒毒性方面（如颗粒运输机制和结构修饰）的体内和体外毒性影响。同时，从食物链和环境因素的角度，它强调了 MP/NPs 对人类健康的直接和间接毒性的综合威胁。此外，还讨论了未来的研究需求和策略，以帮助减轻颗粒塑料作为有毒微量元素载体对人类健康的潜在风险。