Under standard physiological conditions, budding relies on asymmetries, including differences in leaflet composition, area, and osmotic conditions, and involves large curvature changes in nanoscale lipid vesicles. So far, the combined impact of asymmetry and high curvatures on budding has remained unknown. Here, using the continuum elastic theory, the budding pathway is detailed under realistic conditions. The model enables a quantitative description of the budding process and the budded state of both ideally and nonideally mixed lipid nanoscale vesicles. It shows that budding is less favored in smaller vesicles but that lipid demixing can significantly reduce its energy barrier, and yet high compositional deviations of more than 7% between the bud and vesicle only occur with phase separation on the bud.

中文翻译：

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脂质分离减少了高曲率囊泡出芽的能量障碍


在标准生理条件下，出芽依赖于不对称性，包括小叶组成、面积和渗透条件的差异，并涉及纳米级脂质囊泡的大曲率变化。到目前为止，不对称和高曲率对出芽的综合影响仍然未知。在这里，使用连续弹性理论，在现实条件下详细描述了出芽路径。该模型能够定量描述理想和非理想混合脂质纳米级囊泡的出芽过程和出芽状态。它表明，在较小的囊泡中不太有利于出芽，但脂质分解可以显着降低其能量屏障，但芽和囊泡之间超过 7% 的高组成偏差仅在芽上的相分离时发生。