Current- and next-generation gravitational-wave observatories may reveal new, ultralight bosons. Through the superradiance process, these theoretical particle candidates can form clouds around astrophysical black holes and result in detectable gravitational-wave radiation. In the absence of detections, constraints—contingent on astrophysical assumptions—have been derived using LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA data on boson masses. However, the searches for ultralight scalars to date have not adequately considered self-interactions between particles. Self-interactions that significantly alter superradiance dynamics are generically present for many scalar models, including axion-like dark matter candidates and string axions. We implement the most complete treatment of particle self-interactions available to determine the gravitational-wave signatures expected from superradiant scalar clouds and revisit the constraints obtained in a past gravitational-wave search targeting the black hole in Cygnus X-1. We also project the reach of next-generation gravitational-wave observatories to scalar particle parameter space in the mass-coupling plane. We find that while proposed observatories have insufficient reach to self-interactions that can halt black hole spin-down, next-generation observatories are essential for expanding the search beyond gravitational parameter space and can reach a mass and interaction scale of –10−12 eV and GeV, respectively.

中文翻译：

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使用下一代引力波探测器进行自相互作用标量超辐射的观测前景


当前和下一代引力波天文台可能会揭示新的超轻玻色子。通过超辐射过程，这些理论粒子候选者可以在天体物理黑洞周围形成云，并产生可探测的引力波辐射。在没有探测的情况下，根据天体物理学假设的约束条件是使用 LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA 关于玻色子质量的数据得出的。然而，迄今为止对超轻标量的搜索尚未充分考虑粒子之间的自相互作用。显着改变超辐射动力学的自相互作用通常存在于许多标量模型中，包括轴子状暗物质候选者和弦轴子。我们实施了最完整的粒子自相互作用处理，以确定超辐射标量云的预期引力波特征，并重新审视了过去针对天鹅座 X-1 黑洞的引力波搜索中获得的约束。我们还将下一代引力波天文台的范围预测到质量耦合平面中的标量粒子参数空间。我们发现，虽然拟议的天文台无法阻止黑洞自旋下降，但下一代天文台对于将搜索扩展到引力参数空间之外至关重要，并且可以分别达到 –10−12 eV 和 GeV 的质量和相互作用尺度。