The objective was to evaluate the effect of providing dry pelleted starter diet (DPS) or a liquid mixture of milk replacer and starter diet (LMR+S) to suckling pigs housed in farrowing pens of sub-standard or optimal hygiene conditions on pig growth to slaughter, and post-weaning (PW) intestinal parameters. On day (d) 107 of gestation, 87 sows were randomly allocated to one of four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. The factors were creep feeding (DPS or LMR+S) and pre-farrowing hygiene routine (SUB-STANDARD or OPTIMAL). Pigs were provided with DPS (manually) from d11 to weaning (at d28±1.2 of age) or LMR+S using an automatic liquid feeding system from d4 to weaning. The SUB-STANDARD hygiene routine (pens washed and dried for ~18 h, sows not washed or disinfected) and the OPTIMAL hygiene routine (pens pre-soaked, detergent applied, washed, dried for 3 days, chlorocresol-based disinfectant applied, dried for 3 more days and sows washed and disinfected with Virkon) were used to obtain SUB-STANDARD or OPTIMAL hygiene conditions, respectively in farrowing rooms prior to entry of sows. Microbiome analysis was performed on fecal samples from 8 focal pigs/treatment, before weaning and at d21 and d114 PW. On d4 PW, 10 pigs/treatment were euthanized to collect intestinal tissue and digesta samples for histological, enzyme activity and microbiome analysis. Feeding LMR+S to pigs born into the OPTIMAL hygiene increased total dry matter intake compared to all of the other groups (P ≤ 0.05) and increased weaning weight compared to DPS feeding under both OPTIMAL and SUB-STANDARD hygiene conditions (P ≤ 0.05). Pigs from OPTIMAL farrowing pens had lower clinical cases of disease, diarrhoea prevalence and were slaughtered 3.8 days earlier than those from SUB-STANDARD farrowing pens (P ≤ 0.05). Suckling piglet mortality was reduced with LMR+S (P ≤ 0.05). On d4 PW, jejunal and ileal villus height were increased by OPTIMAL hygiene and ileal sucrase activity was increased by LMR+S (P ≤ 0.05). On d4 PW, LMR+S-fed pigs from OPTIMAL farrowing pens had lower relative abundance of Clostridium_P in the jejunum. In conclusion, the OPTIMAL hygiene routine increased pre-weaning LMR+S feed intake, reduced clinical cases of disease, improved intestinal structure and reduced the weaning to slaughter duration, while LMR+S feeding increased weaning weight, intestinal maturity and reduced pre-weaning mortality.

中文翻译：

---

产前卫生程序（不合格与最佳）和爬行饲喂方案（干颗粒发酵饲料与代乳品和发酵剂的液体混合物）对猪断奶后肠道参数和生长至屠宰的影响


目的是评估为饲养在卫生条件不合格或最佳卫生条件的分娩栏中的乳猪提供干颗粒发酵饲料 （DPS） 或代乳品和发酵剂液体混合物 （LMR+S） 对猪生长至屠宰和断奶后 （PW） 肠道参数的影响。在妊娠第 107 天 （d） 天，将 87 头母猪以 2×2 析因安排随机分配到 4 个处理中的一个。因素是爬行饲喂（DPS 或 LMR+S）和分娩前卫生程序（SUB-STANDARD 或 OPTIMAL）。从第 11 天到断奶（第 28±1.2 天）或使用从第 4 天到断奶的自动液体饲喂系统，为猪提供 DPS（手动）或 LMR+S。在母猪进入母猪之前，使用次级卫生程序（猪栏清洗并干燥~18小时，母猪未清洗或消毒）和最佳卫生程序（猪栏预浸泡，涂抹洗涤剂，清洗，干燥3天，使用氯甲酚消毒剂，再干燥3天，母猪在母猪进入分娩室之前分别获得次级或最佳卫生条件。对 8 头焦点猪/治疗的粪便样本、断奶前以及第 21 天和第 114 天 PW 进行微生物组分析。在第 4 天 PW 中，对 10 头猪/处理实施安乐死，以收集肠道组织和消化物样本用于组织学、酶活性和微生物组分析。在最佳和次标准卫生条件下，与所有其他组相比，饲喂 LMR+S 的猪增加了总干物质摄入量（P ≤ 0.05），与 DPS 饲喂相比，断奶体重增加（P ≤ 0.05）。来自 OPTIMAL 产仔栏的仔猪临床疾病病例、腹泻患病率较低，并被屠宰 3.比 SUB-STANDARD 产仔栏早 8 天 （P ≤ 0.05）。LMR+S 降低哺乳仔猪死亡率 （P ≤ 0.05）。在 d4 PW 上，OPTIMAL hygiene 增加了空肠和回肠绒毛高度，LMR+S 增加了回肠蔗糖酶活性 （P ≤ 0.05）。在 d4 PW 上，来自 OPTIMAL 分娩栏的 LMR+S 饲喂的仔猪空肠中 Clostridium_P 的相对丰度较低。总之，OPTIMAL 卫生程序增加了断奶前 LMR+S 采食量，减少了临床疾病病例，改善了肠道结构并缩短了断奶至屠宰时间，而 LMR+S 饲喂增加了断奶体重、肠道成熟度并降低了断奶前死亡率。