The development of safe nanomaterials has become a significant concern in various industry sectors using advanced materials. While there is variability in the definitions of Safe(r) by Design (SbD), the general concept is to minimise environmental, health and safety concerns implementing appropriate measures at an early stage of product design to control exposure and hazard, thus reducing risks. The SbD product strategy applied in this paper refers to the mitigation of exposure by the identification of release scenarios during the use and the end of life of the nano-enabled products (NEPs) that include engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). This strategy was applied to the development of a photocatalytic mineral paint containing TiO2 engineered nanomaterial. This ENM was then incorporated into a mineral matrix-based paint for photocatalytic application. The different paint formulations were applied to standardised substrates and artificially weathered in an accelerated weathering chamber with controlled parameters. Mechanical solicitation that simulate end of life (EoL) of the paint, through abrasion tests, were performed to assess the potential emission of airborne particles that could lead to human or environmental exposure. The release evaluation confirms that paints with TiO2 nanoparticles without SbD coating release more nanometric particles due to strong matrix degradation. The TiO2 nanoparticles coated with PEG or grafted onto CNC does not completely prevent the degradation of the paint surface during ageing. However, this degradation does not necessarily lead to an increase in aerosol emission. The coating degradation during accelerated ageing limits the degradation of the paint matrix, preventing the release of unbound TiO2 nanoparticles. Understanding the mechanisms of release and how they are influenced by the ENMs, the matrix material and the process characteristics is crucial for the exposure and risk assessment approach in occupational settings involving engineered nanomaterials. Moreover, establishing release rates makes it possible to increase the reliability of SbD e-infrastructure for performance testing and the implementation of Safe-by-Design approaches in the nanotechnology supply chain.

中文翻译：

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迈向更安全的设计矿物光催化涂料的发展：TiO2 改性对颗粒释放的影响


安全纳米材料的开发已成为使用先进材料的各个行业领域的重要关注点。虽然 Safe（r） by Design （SbD） 的定义存在差异，但一般概念是在产品设计的早期阶段实施适当的措施，以控制暴露和危害，从而最大限度地降低环境、健康和安全问题。本文中应用的 SbD 产品策略是指通过确定包括工程纳米材料 （ENM） 在内的纳米产品 （NEP） 在使用和生命周期结束时的释放场景来减轻暴露。该策略应用于开发含有 TiO2 工程纳米材料的光催化矿物涂料。然后将该 ENM 掺入基于矿物基质的涂料中，用于光催化应用。不同的油漆配方被应用于标准化基材，并在具有受控参数的加速老化室中人工风化。通过磨损测试模拟油漆使用寿命终止 （EoL） 的机械请求，以评估可能导致人类或环境暴露的空气传播颗粒的潜在排放。离型评估证实，由于强烈的基体降解，带有 TiO2 纳米颗粒且没有 SbD 涂层的涂料会释放出更多的纳米颗粒。涂有 PEG 或接枝到 CNC 上的 TiO2 纳米颗粒并不能完全防止油漆表面在老化过程中的降解。然而，这种降解并不一定会导致气溶胶排放的增加。加速老化过程中的涂层降解限制了涂料基质的降解，防止了未结合的 TiO2 纳米颗粒的释放。 了解释放机制以及它们如何受到 ENM、基体材料和工艺特性的影响，对于涉及工程纳米材料的职业环境中的暴露和风险评估方法至关重要。此外，确定放行率可以提高 SbD 电子基础设施的可靠性，以便在纳米技术供应链中进行性能测试和实施安全设计方法。