Norfloxacin belongs to a group of contaminants of emerging concern and its levels should be monitored in the environment. However, most conventional instruments struggle to detect trace levels of this contaminant in environmental samples. In this case, a polysulfone-based polymer inclusion membrane method was developed to enrich and separate norfloxacin in surface waters, followed by detection with HPLC UV–VIS. To achieve this, MODDE 13.1 software was used to optimise the variables crucial for the enrichment and separation of norfloxacin using a surface response methodology model with 30 experimental runs. The optimal operating conditions were predicted as pH 8.5, source solution concentration of 70 µg/L and receiver solution concentration of 0.7 M NaCl. The model predicted a maximum enrichment factor of 87.43. A test in the optimal operational conditions was conducted and the obtained experimental enrichment factor of ∼ 88.14 verified the reliability and validity of the proposed model. The limit of detection for the proposed method was found to be 8.71 µg/L. Lastly, application in surface waters indicated that polysulfone PIMs have the potential to enrich, separate and monitor fluoroquinolones antibiotics.

中文翻译：

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地表水样品中诺氟沙星预浓缩的多变量优化：基于聚砜的聚合物包涵膜 （PIM） 的案例


诺氟沙星属于一组新兴的污染物，应在环境中监测其含量。然而，大多数传统仪器难以检测环境样品中痕量水平的这种污染物。在这种情况下，开发了一种基于聚砜的聚合物包涵膜方法，用于富集和分离地表水中的诺氟沙星，然后使用 HPLC UV-VIS 进行检测。为了实现这一目标，使用 MODDE 13.1 软件使用具有 30 次实验运行的表面响应方法模型来优化对诺氟沙星富集和分离至关重要的变量。预测最佳操作条件为 pH 8.5，源溶液浓度为 70 μg/L，接收器溶液浓度为 0.7 M NaCl。该模型预测的最大富集因子为 87.43。在最佳操作条件下进行了测试，获得的实验富集因子 ∼ 88.14 验证了所提模型的可靠性和有效性。发现所提出的方法的检测限为 8.71 μg/L。最后，在地表水中的应用表明，聚砜 PIM 具有富集、分离和监测氟喹诺酮类抗生素的潜力。