The tropical archipelago of Wallacea was first settled by anatomically modern humans (AMH) by 50 thousand years ago (kya), with descendent populations thought to have remained genetically isolated prior to the arrival of Austronesian seafarers around 3.5 kya. Modern Wallaceans exhibit a longitudinal countergradient of Papuan- and Asian-related ancestries widely considered as evidence for mixing between local populations and Austronesian seafarers, though converging multidisciplinary evidence suggests that the Papuan-related component instead comes primarily from back-migrations from New Guinea. Here, we reconstruct Wallacean population genetic history using more than 250 newly reported genomes from 12 Wallacean and three West Papuan populations and confirm that the vast majority of Papuan-related ancestry in Wallacea (~75 to 100%) comes from prehistoric migrations originating in New Guinea and only a minor fraction is attributable to the founding AMH settlers. Mixing between Papuan and local Wallacean lineages appears to have been confined to the western and central parts of the archipelago and likely occurred contemporaneously with the widespread introduction of genes from Austronesian seafarers—which now comprise between ~40 and 85% of modern Wallacean ancestry—though dating historical admixture events remains challenging due to mixing continuing into the Historical Period. In conjunction with archaeological and linguistic records, our findings point to a dynamic Wallacean population history that was profoundly reshaped by the spread of Papuan genes, languages, and culture in the past 3,500 y.

中文翻译：

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历史上巴布亚人迁徙到华莱士的基因起源和影响


华莱士热带群岛于 5 万年前 （kya） 首次由解剖学现代人 （AMH） 定居，其后代人群被认为在 3.5 kya 左右南岛语海员到来之前一直处于基因隔离状态。现代华莱士人表现出巴布亚人和亚洲相关血统的纵向反梯度，被广泛认为是当地人口和南岛语族海员混合的证据，尽管融合的多学科证据表明，与巴布亚相关的成分主要来自新几内亚的回迁。在这里，我们使用来自 12 个华莱士人和 3 个西巴布亚人群的 250 多个新报告的基因组重建了华莱士种群遗传历史，并确认华莱士的绝大多数巴布亚相关祖先 （~75% 到 100%） 来自起源于新几内亚的史前迁移，只有一小部分归因于创始 AMH 定居者。巴布亚人和当地华莱士血统之间的混合似乎仅限于群岛的西部和中部，并且可能与广泛引入南岛语海员的基因同时发生——现在占现代华莱士血统的 ~40% 到 85%——尽管由于混合一直持续到历史时期，确定历史混合事件的年代仍然具有挑战性。结合考古学和语言学记录，我们的研究结果指出了一段充满活力的华莱士人口历史，在过去 3,500 年中，巴布亚基因、语言和文化的传播深刻地重塑了这一历史。