Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) have been widely used as functional ingredients of sunscreen products and have entered into marine ecosystems, particularly in tropical areas where solar UV radiation is strong. These chemicals, with their potential toxicity and ecological risk, have raised widespread concern for the protection of the fragile marine ecosystem of coral reefs. In this study, fourteen OUVFs were analyzed among 24 coral species, together with their habitats including seawater and sediment from the coastal coral reef regions of Hainan Island, South China Sea. Surprisingly, all of fourteen OUVFs were detected in each sample, indicating the wide distribution of OUVFs among sites and samples. Among the fourteen OUVFs, benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) were the most abundant, with concentrations ranging from 35.3 to 75.6 and 38.3 to 61.4 ng/L in seawater, 13.2 to 25.9 and 7.0 to 17.4 ng/g dw in sediment, and 4.5 to 21.3 and 4.4 to 19.7 ng/g dw in corals, respectively. Analysis of OUVFs in 24 coral species pointed that OUVFs accumulation in corals is morphology dependent: the highest concentration of OUVFs was identified in Galaxea fascicularis with abundant of polyps and tentacles while the lowest levels of OUVFs were found in Porites mayeri (smooth or lobed surface). In corals, we found that these OUVFs accumulated, depending on the coral species and the types of OUVFs. The ecological risk assessment further indicated that BP-3, 4-MBC and BP-8 had posed risks to corals. In addition, significantly higher concentrations of OUVFs were observed in Sanya (a seaside tourist resort) than in the other sites, suggesting that tourist activity and use of sunscreen products are the key to high inputs of sunscreen agents into marine ecosystem. Overall, our study demonstrates a potential risk role for OUVFs in coral protection in tropical areas where coral bleaching events occur.

中文翻译：

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海南珊瑚礁的有机紫外线过滤剂：分布、积累和生态风险


有机紫外线过滤剂 （OUVF） 已被广泛用作防晒产品的功能性成分，并已进入海洋生态系统，尤其是在太阳紫外线辐射较强的热带地区。这些化学物质具有潜在的毒性和生态风险，引起了人们对保护脆弱的珊瑚礁海洋生态系统的广泛关注。本研究分析了 24 种珊瑚物种中的 14 种突出突出物种，以及它们的栖息地，包括来自南海海南岛沿海珊瑚礁地区的海水和沉积物。令人惊讶的是，在每个样本中检测到所有 14 个 OUVF，这表明 OUVF 在站点和样本之间分布广泛。在 14 种超剩余超野生动植物中，二苯甲酮-3 （BP-3） 和 4-甲基亚苄基樟脑 （4-MBC） 含量最高，海水中的浓度为 35.3 至 75.6 和 38.3 至 61.4 ng/L，沉积物中的浓度为 13.2 至 25.9 和 7.0 至 17.4 ng/g dw，珊瑚中的浓度为 4.5 至 21.3 和 4.4 至 19.7 ng/g dw， 分别。对 24 种珊瑚的 OUVF 分析表明，OUVFs 在珊瑚中的积累与形态学有关：OUVF 浓度最高的是 Galaxea fascicularis，有丰富的息肉和触手，而 OUVF 水平最低的是 Porites mayeri（光滑或裂片表面）。在珊瑚中，我们发现这些 OUVF 是积累的，具体取决于珊瑚种类和 OUVF 的类型。生态风险评估进一步表明，BP-3 、 4-MBC 和 BP-8 对珊瑚构成风险。此外，在三亚（海滨旅游胜地）观察到的 OUVF 浓度明显高于其他地点，这表明旅游活动和防晒产品的使用是防晒剂大量进入海洋生态系统的关键。 总体而言，我们的研究表明 OUVF 在发生珊瑚白化事件的热带地区的珊瑚保护中存在潜在风险作用。