Sustainable energy-driven electrochemical upgrading of the globally available and already-fixed biomass-derived feedstocks enables the decentralized low-temperature synthesis of upgraded chemicals and fuels, providing a promising pathway to alleviate the global warming and environmental deterioration caused by excessive consumption of fossil fuels. Leveraging these achievements necessitates highly active, selective, stable and cost-effective heterogeneous electrocatalysts, which can be obtained by size and morphology engineering at nanoscale. Herein, we summarize the recent progress on size and morphology-controlled synthesis of various nanostructured electrocatalysts with dimensions ranging from 3D, 2D, 1D, and 0D, and single-atom electrocatalysts after brief introduction of nanoscale size/geometry effects, and biomass-derived feedstocks. Subsequently, the electrocatalytic applications of these well-developed nanomaterials for biomass-derived feedstocks upgrading through electrochemical oxidation and reduction are given, with specific emphasis on exploring the underlying structure-performance correlations by combined experiments, in situ/operando spectroscopy characterizations and theory simulations. Finally, a brief conclusion and remarks on future challenges and opportunities regarding further development of advanced heterogeneous electrocatalysts for biomass valorization are presented.

中文翻译：

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从纳米结构到单原子的非均相电催化剂，用于生物质衍生原料的升级


对全球可用且已经固定的生物质衍生原料进行可持续能源驱动的电化学升级，使升级化学品和燃料的分散低温合成成为可能，为缓解因过度消耗化石燃料而导致的全球变暖和环境恶化提供了一条有前途的途径。利用这些成就需要高活性、选择性、稳定和具有成本效益的非均相电催化剂，这可以通过纳米级的尺寸和形态工程获得。在此，我们总结了近年来各种纳米结构电催化剂的尺寸和形态控制合成的研究进展，这些电催化剂的尺寸范围从 3D、2D、1D 和 0D 不等，并在简要介绍了纳米尺度尺寸/几何形状效应和生物质衍生原料之后，还介绍了单原子电催化剂。随后，给出了这些成熟的纳米材料通过电化学氧化和还原进行生物质衍生原料升级的电催化应用，特别强调通过联合实验、原位/原位光谱表征和理论模拟来探索潜在的结构-性能相关性。最后，简要总结并评论了进一步开发用于生物质增值的先进多相电催化剂的未来挑战和机遇。