Organotin compounds (OTs) used to be the most widely used biocide in antifouling paint systems, but the International Maritime Organization (IMO) banned them because of their high environmental toxicity to non-target organisms. Currently, at least 25 active ingredients are being employed as biocides in antifouling paint formulations. In the present study, silicone rubber-based passive sampling was used to determine the freely dissolved concentrations (C_w) of 6 OTs and 4 booster biocides in the water column at the entrance of Santos Port's main navigation channel, the largest Port of South America (southeastern Brazil). Fifteen sampling events of ∼45 days long were conducted over 2 years. C_w of OTs ranged from 1.1 to 2.5 ng Sn L⁻¹ for monobutyltin (MBT), 0.2 to 4.7 ng Sn L⁻¹ for dibutyltin (DBT), and 0.06 to 0.7 ng Sn L⁻¹ for tributyltin (TBT), while triphenyltin (TPhT), diphenyltin (DPhT), and monophenyltin (MPhT) were always below their limits of detection (<LOD). For booster biocides, C_w ranged from 3.9 to 6.3 ng L⁻¹ for diuron, 0.03 to 0.49 ng L⁻¹ for Irgarol, <0.55 to 44.3 ng L⁻¹ for DCOIT, and <0.01 to <0.02 ng L⁻¹ for dichlofluanid. Levels found in the water column are likely explained by a combination of sources, including simultaneous releases from marinas and shipyards located in adjacent areas, dredging operations, intense vessel traffic in the Santos Port, and desorption from APPs previously released along sediments of the Santos-São Vicente Estuarine System (SSES). Although OTs and booster biocide levels in the Port of Santos were relatively lower than in other studies worldwide, levels detected for TBT, DCOIT, and diuron may pose a risk to non-target organisms.

中文翻译：

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南美洲最大港口（巴西东南部）有机锡和增强剂生物杀灭剂的被动采样衍生水浓度


有机锡化合物 （OT） 曾经是防污漆系统中使用最广泛的杀菌剂，但国际海事组织 （IMO） 禁止使用它们，因为它们对非目标生物具有很高的环境毒性。目前，至少有 25 种活性成分被用作防污漆配方中的杀菌剂。在本研究中，使用硅橡胶基被动采样来确定南美洲最大的港口（巴西东南部）桑托斯港主要航道入口处水柱中 6 种 OT 和 4 种增强杀菌剂的自由溶解浓度 （C_w）。在 2 年内进行了 15 次采样事件，时长约 45 天。单丁基锡 （MBT） 的 OT 的 C_w 范围为 1.1 至 2.5 ng ^{Sn L-1}，二丁基锡 （DBT） 为 0.2 至 4.7 ng ^{Sn L-1}，三丁基锡 （TBT） 为 0.06 至 0.7 ng ^{Sn L-1}，而三苯基锡 （TPhT）、二苯基锡 （DPhT） 和单苯基锡 （MPhT） 始终低于其检测限 （<LOD）。对于增强杀菌剂，敌草隆的 C_w 范围为 3.9 至 6.3 ng ^{L-1，Irgarol} 为 0.03 至 0.49 ng ^L-1，DCOIT 为 <0.55 至 44.3 ng ^L-1，二氯氟虫为 <0.01 至 <0.02 ng ^L-1。在水柱中发现的水平可能是由多种来源组合来解释的，包括位于邻近地区的码头和造船厂同时释放、疏浚作业、桑托斯港密集的船只交通以及先前沿着桑托斯-圣维森特河口系统 （SSES） 沉积物释放的 APP 的解吸。 尽管桑托斯港的 OT 和加强杀菌剂水平相对低于全球其他研究，但检测到的 TBT、DCOIT 和敌草隆水平可能对非目标生物构成风险。