Ionic conductive hydrogels are widely used in wearable sensors, human motion detection, human–machine interfaces, electronic skins and soft robots due to their good stretchability, flexibility, transparency and conductivity. However, conventional ionic conductive hydrogels are subjected to water absorption and swelling in underwater environments, destroying the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the hydrogel sensors and leading to sensing performance failures. Herein, a flexible wearable anti-swelling ionic conductive hydrogel with multifunctionality was prepared via supramolecular interactions. The prepared hydrogel has good tensile properties (854 %) and tensile strength (148 kPa). The introduction of functional ionic liquids 1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide (VBIMBr) and ionic salts (AlCl₃) conferred the hydrogel with excellent ionic conductivity (21.65 mS/cm), anti-freezing properties (–32.34 °C) and water retention. In addition, the addition of tannic acid (TA) provides the hydrogel with a rich catechol moiety, allowing it to exhibit excellent adhesion to a variety of materials. In addition, supramolecular interactions including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions and metal coordination bonding enabled the hydrogels with excellent anti-swelling properties in a diverse range of solvent media. The prepared hydrogel strain sensors possess excellent strain sensitivity (GF = 2.01) and a wide sensing range of 1 %–850 %, which can be used for real-time monitoring of various human body motions, including large-scale joint motions and subtle muscle vibrations. More importantly, supramolecular conductive hydrogel strain sensors have been successfully used for underwater motion detection and underwater communication, and their great potential for personnel engaged in underwater operations is further illustrated by a self-developed alarm system.

中文翻译：

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一种通过超分子相互作用进行抗溶胀的多功能柔性可穿戴水凝胶传感器，用于水下运动检测和信息传输


离子导电水凝胶因其良好的拉伸性、柔韧性、透明度和导电性而被广泛用于可穿戴传感器、人体运动检测、人机界面、电子皮肤和软体机器人。然而，传统的离子导电水凝胶在水下环境中会受到吸水和溶胀的影响，破坏了水凝胶传感器的机械性能和导电性，导致传感性能失效。在此，通过超分子相互作用制备了一种具有多功能性的柔性可穿戴抗溶胀离子导电水凝胶。制备的水凝胶具有良好的拉伸性能 （854%） 和拉伸强度 （148 kPa）。功能性离子液体 1-乙烯基-3-丁基咪唑溴化物 （VBIMBr） 和离子盐 （AlCl₃） 的引入赋予了水凝胶优异的离子电导率 （21.65 mS/cm）、抗冻性能 （-32.34 °C） 和保水性。此外，单宁酸 （TA） 的添加为水凝胶提供了丰富的邻苯二酚部分，使其对各种材料表现出优异的附着力。此外，包括氢键、静电相互作用和金属配位键在内的超分子相互作用使水凝胶在各种溶剂介质中具有优异的抗溶胀性能。制备的水凝胶应变传感器具有出色的应变灵敏度 （GF = 2.01） 和 1 %–850 % 的宽感应范围，可用于实时监测各种人体运动，包括大规模关节运动和细微的肌肉振动。 更重要的是，超分子导电水凝胶应变传感器已成功用于水下运动检测和水下通信，自主研发的报警系统进一步说明了其对从事水下作业的人员的巨大潜力。