As naturally secreted vesicles by cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs) play essential roles in modulating cell–cell communication and have significant potential in tissue regeneration, immune regulation, and drug delivery. However, the low yield and uncontrollable heterogeneity of EVs have been obstacles to their widespread translation into clinical practice. Recently, it has been discovered that artificial nanovesicles (NVs) produced by cell processing can inherit the components and functions of the parent cells and possess similar structures and functions to EVs, with significantly higher yields and more flexible functionalization, making them a powerful complement to natural EVs. This review focuses on recent advances in the research of artificial NVs as replacements for natural EVs. We provide an overview comparing natural EVs and artificial NVs and summarize the top-down preparation strategies of NVs. The applications of NVs prepared from stem cells, differentiated cells, and engineered cells are presented, as well as the latest advances in NV engineering. Finally, the main challenges of artificial NVs are discussed.

中文翻译：

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来源于细胞的人工纳米囊泡：细胞外囊泡的有前途的替代品


作为细胞自然分泌的囊泡，细胞外囊泡 （EV） 在调节细胞间通讯中起着重要作用，在组织再生、免疫调节和药物递送方面具有重要潜力。然而，EV 的低产量和不可控的异质性一直是其广泛转化为临床实践的障碍。近年来，人们发现细胞加工产生的人工纳米囊泡 （NVs） 可以继承亲本细胞的成分和功能，并具有与 EVs 相似的结构和功能，具有显着更高的产量和更灵活的功能化，使其成为天然 EVs 的有力补充。本综述重点介绍人工 NV 作为天然 EV 替代品的研究的最新进展。我们提供了比较天然 EV 和人工 NV 的概述，并总结了 NV 的自上而下的准备策略。介绍了由干细胞、分化细胞和工程细胞制备的 NV 的应用，以及 NV 工程的最新进展。最后，讨论了人工 NV 的主要挑战。