The risk of neonicotinoid insecticides to honeybees is a global issue. Cycloxaprid (CYC) is a novel neonicotinoid insecticide with outstanding activities, good safety profiles, and no cross-resistance with other neonicotinoids. Information on the environmental risks of CYC is limited, especially its effects on honeybees. Herein, the acute and chronic toxicities of CYC on honeybees were evaluated, and the underlying mechanisms were explored via transcriptomics and molecular docking. The results indicate that CYC had high toxicity to honeybees, with a 48-h oral median lethal dose of 32.8 ng/bee. Over a 10-days of chronic exposure to CYC at sublethal concentration 30 μg/L, the honeybees showed significantly decreased survival rates and food consumption. Additionally, the sensitivity of honeybees to sucrose and odors and CO₂ production was significantly reduced. Furthermore, molecular docking revealed that CYC has higher binding affinity than odors to odorant-binding proteins, and the olfactory and metabolism pathways gene expression was negatively affected at transcriptome level. These findings indicate that CYC at sublethal concentration can pose risks to honeybees by affecting their olfactory function and energy metabolic balance. Further study and consideration are needed to fully exploit the benefits of this pesticide.

中文翻译：

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新型新烟碱类杀虫剂环虫脒通过干扰嗅觉敏感性和能量代谢对蜜蜂 （Apis mellifera L.） 工蜂表现出亚致死毒性


新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的风险是一个全球性问题。Cycloxaprid （CYC） 是一种新型新烟碱类杀虫剂，具有出色的活性、良好的安全性，并且与其他新烟碱类杀虫剂没有交叉耐药性。关于 CYC 的环境风险的信息有限，尤其是其对蜜蜂的影响。本文评价了 CYC 对蜜蜂的急性和慢性毒性，并通过转录组学和分子对接探讨了其潜在机制。结果表明，CYC 对蜜蜂具有很高的毒性，经口 48 h 致死量中位为 32.8 ng/只蜂。在亚致死浓度 30 μg/L 的 CYC 中长期暴露 10 天后，蜜蜂的存活率和食物消耗量显着降低。此外，蜜蜂对蔗糖和气味以及 CO₂ 产生的敏感性显著降低。此外，分子对接显示 CYC 与气味结合蛋白的结合亲和力高于气味，嗅觉和代谢途径基因表达在转录组水平上受到负面影响。这些发现表明，亚致死浓度的 CYC 会影响蜜蜂的嗅觉功能和能量代谢平衡，从而对蜜蜂构成风险。需要进一步研究和考虑以充分利用这种杀虫剂的好处。