Electrochemical batteries play a crucial role for powering portable electronics, electric vehicles, large-scale electric grids, and future electric aircraft. However, key performance metrics such as energy density, charging speed, lifespan, and safety raise significant consumer concerns. Enhancing battery performance hinges on a deep understanding of their operational and degradation mechanisms, from material composition and electrode structure to large-scale pack integration, necessitating advanced characterization methods. These methods not only enable improved battery performance but also facilitate early detection of substandard or potentially hazardous batteries before they cause serious incidents. This review comprehensively examines the operational principles, applications, challenges, and prospects of cutting-edge characterization techniques for commercial batteries, with a specific focus on in situ and operando methodologies. Furthermore, it explores how these powerful tools have elucidated the operational and degradation mechanisms of commercial batteries. By bridging the gap between advanced characterization techniques and commercial battery technologies, this review aims to guide the design of more sophisticated experiments and models for studying battery degradation and enhancement.

中文翻译：

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商用电池的无损分析


电化学电池在为便携式电子产品、电动汽车、大型电网和未来的电动飞机供电方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，能量密度、充电速度、使用寿命和安全性等关键性能指标引起了消费者的严重担忧。提高电池性能取决于对其操作和降解机制的深入了解，从材料成分和电极结构到大规模电池组集成，因此需要先进的表征方法。这些方法不仅可以提高电池性能，还有助于在造成严重事故之前及早发现不合格或具有潜在危险的电池。本文全面研究了商用电池尖端表征技术的工作原理、应用、挑战和前景，特别关注原位和操作方法。此外，它还探讨了这些强大的工具如何阐明商用电池的运行和退化机制。通过弥合先进表征技术和商业电池技术之间的差距，本文旨在指导设计更复杂的实验和模型来研究电池退化和增强。