Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been detected worldwide, from the deep seas to polar regions. A previous review showed that PFAS are risk drivers of the chemical mixture present in human blood. This study focused on establishing the PFAS exposure of a Swedish subpopulation and investigated whether the exposure poses a risk of adverse health effects. Human serum from 60 blood donors in Stockholm, Sweden, was analyzed. A target method including 32 PFAS analytes and over 270 suspect features was used to detect and quantify PFAS. Twenty-six PFAS were quantified, and 7 suspect PFAS features (6 H-PFCAs and PFECHS) were semi-quantified. Nine mixture risk assessment (MRA) strategies were used to assess the risk of health outcomes. Fifteen effect levels were derived and used, along with 15 already established values. The certainty of various derivation techniques was discussed. The MRAs showed that the entire studied population exceeded some of the risk thresholds, with effects including high cholesterol and immune suppression. However, the certainty was lower when deriving these two effect levels. The MRA, using human biomonitoring guidance values (high certainty), concluded that for 63 % of the individuals, a risk for adverse health effects cannot be excluded. This study has demonstrated that there is a reason for concern regarding PFAS exposure in the general population of Sweden. To our knowledge, this is the first time the H-PFCAs have been semi-quantified in human blood using a reference standard.

中文翻译：

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瑞典亚群的扩展 PFAS 分析和使用多种方法进行混合风险评估


从深海到极地地区，全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质 （PFAS） 已在世界范围内被检测到。先前的综述表明，PFAS 是人类血液中存在的化学混合物的风险驱动因素。本研究的重点是确定瑞典亚群的 PFAS 暴露情况，并调查这种暴露是否会对健康造成不利影响。分析了来自瑞典斯德哥尔摩 60 名献血者的人血清。使用包括 32 种 PFAS 分析物和 270 多种可疑特征的目标方法检测和定量 PFAS。对 26 种 PFAS 进行定量分析，对 7 种可疑 PFAS 特征 （6H-PFCA 和 PFECHS） 进行半定量分析。使用 9 种混合风险评估 （MRA） 策略来评估健康结局的风险。派生并使用了 15 个效果级别，以及 15 个已建立的值。讨论了各种推导技术的质量。MRA 显示，整个研究人群超过了一些风险阈值，其影响包括高胆固醇和免疫抑制。然而，当推导出这两个效应水平时，确定性较低。MRA 使用人类生物监测指导值（高质量）得出结论，对于 63% 的个体，不能排除对健康产生不利影响的风险。这项研究表明，有理由担心瑞典普通人群的 PFAS 暴露。据我们所知，这是首次使用参考标准对人血液中的 H-PFCA 进行半定量。