The application of therapeutic agents for cardiopathy has brought about significant advancements in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The intervention of small-molecule drugs has led to substantial reductions in morbidity and mortality rates, along with decreased utilization of healthcare resources. However, current treatment modalities do not exhibit uniform efficacy across all patients, and the emergence of drug resistance poses a significant challenge to further therapeutic efforts. Additionally, chronic administration of these drugs can result in toxicities, adding complexity to long-term management. This review focuses on the application of clinically approved small-molecule drugs for the treatment of cardiopathy, covering major classes such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, β-blockers, and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. The review provides an in-depth analysis of their synthetic routes, mechanisms of action, and roles in cardiopathy treatment. It also offers perspectives on future directions in the development of next-generation cardioprotective agents, aiming to optimize therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disease management.

中文翻译：

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临床批准的用于心脏病治疗的代表性小分子药物


心脏病治疗剂的应用为心血管疾病的治疗带来了重大进步。小分子药物的干预导致发病率和死亡率大幅降低，同时减少了医疗保健资源的利用率。然而，目前的治疗方式并未在所有患者中表现出一致的疗效，耐药性的出现对进一步的治疗工作构成了重大挑战。此外，长期服用这些药物会导致毒性，增加长期管理的复杂性。本文重点介绍临床批准的小分子药物治疗心脏病的应用，涵盖血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、血管紧张素 II 受体阻滞剂、钙通道阻滞剂、β阻滞剂和钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白 2 抑制剂等主要类别。本综述对它们的合成途径、作用机制和在心脏病治疗中的作用进行了深入分析。它还为下一代心脏保护剂开发的未来方向提供了展望，旨在优化心血管疾病管理的治疗策略。