Arsenic (As) enrichment in groundwater stems from natural and hydrogeochemical factors, leading to geological contamination. Groundwater and surface water are interconnected, allowing As migration and surface water contamination. The As contamination poses health risks through contaminated water consumption. Sewage discharge in rich-As water bodies alters environmental conditions, increasing the concentration of organic matter, carbonate and bicarbonate, nitrite, sulfate, and phosphate in water. These changes could enhance As solubilization and release to water. This review investigates the interactions between these contaminants, and their implications for membrane-based water treatment processes. Organic pollutants in surface water promote microbial growth, depleting oxygen and altering redox conditions, which enhances As solubilization and concentration in the water. The interaction between organic pollutants and As primarily occurs through adsorption and complexation, influenced by the pollutants' functional groups and the water's pH. Bicarbonates and pH play critical roles in determining As speciation (As(V) or As(III)), while oxidants like nitrate increase As mobility by promoting its oxidation. When arsenic is primarily present as As(V), membrane-based removal processes tend to be more efficient. Sulfur also affects As dynamics through microbial processes and adsorption onto sulfide minerals. When nitrate and sulfate are present, Donnan exclusion becomes a critical mechanism that affects arsenic removal by NF and RO membranes. Although membrane technologies maintain high As rejection rates (97-99%), even in the presence of sewage pollutants, this advantage is offset by the challenges of fouling and the generation of highly concentrated waste streams. So, it is urgent to avoid raw or not adequately treated sewage in As-rich environments.

中文翻译：

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地表水和地下水中砷和污水污染物的共存及其对使用膜技术进行水处理的影响


地下水中砷 （As） 的富集源于自然和水文地球化学因素，导致地质污染。地下水和地表水相互连接，允许 As 迁移和地表水污染。砷污染会因饮用受污染的水而对健康构成风险。富氮水体中的污水排放会改变环境条件，增加水中有机物、碳酸盐和碳酸氢盐、亚硝酸盐、硫酸盐和磷酸盐的浓度。这些变化可以增强 As 的溶解和释放到水中。本综述研究了这些污染物之间的相互作用，以及它们对基于膜的水处理过程的影响。地表水中的有机污染物促进微生物生长，消耗氧气并改变氧化还原条件，从而增强水中 As 的溶解和浓度。有机污染物和 As 之间的相互作用主要通过吸附和络合发生，受污染物的官能团和水的 pH 值影响。碳酸氢盐和 pH 值在决定 As 形态（As（V） 或 As（III）中起着关键作用，而硝酸盐等氧化剂通过促进其氧化来提高 As 迁移率。当砷主要以 As（V） 形式存在时，基于膜的去除过程往往更有效。硫还通过微生物过程和吸附到硫化物矿物上来影响 As 的动力学。当存在硝酸盐和硫酸盐时，Donnan 排斥成为影响 NF 和 RO 膜去除砷的关键机制。尽管膜技术保持了较高的砷截留率 （97-99%），但即使在存在污水污染物的情况下，这一优势也被结垢和产生高浓度废物流的挑战所抵消。 因此，当务之急是避免在富含 As 的环境中使用未经处理或未经充分处理的污水。