Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are recognized as promising large-scale energy storage systems but suffer from sluggish kinetics at low temperatures. Herein, we proposed a carbon nanotubes-modified P2-Na_0.67Mn_0.67Ni_0.33O₂ (NMNO-CNTs) cathode and tetrahydrofuran (THF)-containing dimethyl-based electrolyte to unlock the charge transfer limitation of SIBs at low temperatures. A highly conductive network constructed by CNTs ensures fast surface electron transfer. The introduction of THF enables an anion-rich solvation structure, which facilitates the formation of a robust NaF-rich electrode–electrolyte interface with accelerated desolvation and uniform Na deposition. As a result, the Na||NMNO-CNTs cell delivers a capacity of 83.4 mAh g^–1 even after 3600 cycles with a decay rate of 0.002% per cycle at −40 °C. More importantly, the hard carbon||NMNO-CNTs full cell exhibits an energy density of 237.6 Wh kg^–1 with 86.5% retention after 1500 cycles at −40 °C. The work highlights the key role of charge transfer kinetics for advanced low-temperature SIBs.

中文翻译：

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解锁对先进低温钠离子电池的电荷转移限制


钠离子电池 （SIB） 被认为是有前途的大规模储能系统，但在低温下动力学缓慢。在此，我们提出了一种碳纳米管改性的 P2-Na_0.67Mn_0.67Ni_0.33O₂ （NMNO-CNTs） 阴极和含有四氢呋喃 （THF） 的二甲基基电解质，以解锁 SIBs 在低温下的电荷转移限制。由 CNT 构建的高导电网络可确保快速的表面电子转移。THF 的引入实现了富含阴离子的溶剂化结构，这有助于形成稳健的富含 NaF 的电极-电解质界面，加速脱溶剂化和均匀的 Na 沉积。因此，Na||NMNO-CNTs 电池即使在 3600 次循环后也能提供 83.4 mAh g^–1 的容量，在 -40 °C 下每个循环的衰减率为 0.002%。 更重要的是，硬碳||NMNO-CNT 全电池在 -40 °C 下循环 1500 次后，能量密度为 237.6 Wh kg^–1，保留率为 86.5%。 这项工作强调了电荷转移动力学对先进低温 SIB 的关键作用。