America's municipalities, as political actors, have become the cultural arena for changes in Black social integration and inclusion. Growing racial diversity presumably offers new opportunities for residential inclusion, resulting in less segregation, in an increasingly pluralistic and multiethnic society. This study examines patterns of Black segregation from Whites and non‐Blacks across America's increasingly multiracial municipalities over the last four decades. Our results reveal high, yet steep decline in Black segregation from Whites since 1990, as measured by the index of dissimilarity (D), decreasing from 77 to 64. However, Black–White segregation remains exceptionally high compared to other racial groups. Black segregation from Hispanics has also declined since 1990, but segregation from Asians has changed very little. In metro municipalities, fringe suburbs pose serious challenges for Black integration, suggesting new bastions of segregation. Nonmetro municipalities, particularly county seats, still show higher levels of segregation, reflecting enduring social structures that impede racial mixing. Fixed‐effects models that control for unobserved municipal‐period effects indicate that observed changes in the predictors cannot fully ‘explain’ the differentials in Black segregation or the large downward trend since 1990. Racial inequalities—in income, housing and labour market opportunities—nevertheless continue to reinforce persistent Black municipal segregation from Whites and other non‐Black populations. It remains to be seen whether Black segregation will continue to decline indefinitely in a multiethnic society or evolve in new and unexpected ways as racial diversity penetrates the American landscape.

中文翻译：

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多种族社会中的种族隔离：1990-2020 年美国城市的黑人排斥和空间融合


美国的城市作为政治行为者，已成为黑人社会融合和包容变革的文化舞台。日益增长的种族多样性可能为住宅包容性提供了新的机会，从而在一个日益多元化和多民族的社会中减少隔离。本研究考察了过去四十年来美国日益多种族的城市中黑人与白人和非黑人的隔离模式。我们的结果显示，根据差异指数 （D） 衡量，自 1990 年以来，黑人与白人的隔离率大幅下降，但急剧下降，从 77 下降到 64。然而，与其他种族群体相比，黑人与白人的隔离仍然异常严重。自 1990 年以来，黑人与西班牙裔的隔离也有所下降，但与亚裔的隔离几乎没有变化。在大都会城市，边缘郊区对黑人融合构成了严重挑战，这表明了新的种族隔离堡垒。非大都市，尤其是县城，仍然显示出更高水平的隔离，反映了阻碍种族混合的持久社会结构。控制未观察到的城市周期效应的固定效应模型表明，观察到的预测变量变化不能完全“解释”黑人隔离的差异或自 1990 年以来的大幅下降趋势。然而，种族不平等——在收入、住房和劳动力市场机会方面——继续加强黑人与白人和其他非黑人人口的持续城市隔离。随着种族多样性渗透到美国，黑人种族隔离是否会继续无限期地减少，或者以新的和意想不到的方式演变，还有待观察。