Solution-processing of perovskite layers is crucial for the production of high-performance electronics and optoelectronics. The annealing conditions alter the cost of the final production. Therefore, seeking for a mild preparation processing and achieving a high-quality perovskite film are important. Here, we proposed an effective flowing liquid phase to induce the crystallization of perovskite grains. On the one hand, the flowing liquid phase changed the reactive paths from the solid to liquid, which lowered the reactive energy barrier and energy demands, providing a mild annealing condition. On the other hand, the reaction based liquid phase can proceed more adequately, yielding a more uniform thin film. As a result, a high efficiency of 21.85% has been achieved, with a low V_oc deficiency of 0.47 V. As well, high-quality CsPbI₃ contributed to high stability of the assembled device.

中文翻译：

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流动液相诱导三碘化铯铅的结晶过程，使太阳能电池效率达到 21.85%，能量损失低


钙钛矿层的溶液加工对于高性能电子产品和光电子学的生产至关重要。退火条件会改变最终生产的成本。因此，寻求温和的制备工艺并获得高质量的钙钛矿薄膜非常重要。在这里，我们提出了一种有效的流动液相来诱导钙钛矿晶粒的结晶。一方面，流动的液相改变了从固体到液体的反应路径，从而降低了无功能垒和能量需求，提供了温和的退火条件。另一方面，基于反应的液相可以更充分地进行，从而产生更均匀的薄膜。因此，实现了 21.85% 的高效率，V _oc 不足为 0.47 V。此外，高质量的 CsPbI₃ 有助于组装器件的高稳定性。