BackgroundTourette syndrome (TS) and chronic tic disorder (CTD) may be associated with an increased risk of mortality, but specific causes of death are poorly understood.ObjectivesIn this matched cohort and sibling cohort study, we estimated the risk of all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality in individuals with TS/CTD, compared with unaffected matched individuals and unaffected full siblings.MethodsWe identified all individuals diagnosed with TS/CTD in the Swedish National Patient Register who were living in the country between 1973 and 2020 and matched them (1:10) to individuals without TS/CTD from the general population. We also identified their siblings without TS/CTD. All‐cause and cause‐specific mortality outcomes, based on the International Classification of Diseases codes, were extracted from the Cause of Death Register. Covariates included sociodemographic variables and psychiatric disorders. Risks of mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models.ResultsWe included 10,280 individuals with TS/CTD and 102,800 matched individuals without TS/CTD. In adjusted models, individuals with TS/CTD had an 86% increased hazard of all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio: 1.86, 95% confidence interval: 1.65–2.11). The increased risk was observed for both natural (particularly nervous, digestive, and respiratory system diseases) and unnatural causes of death (including suicides and accidents). The sibling comparison showed similar results, indicating that the associations were unlikely to be explained by familial confounding.ConclusionsIndividuals with TS/CTD are at increased risk of death due to both natural and unnatural causes. As some of these deaths are potentially preventable, greater focus on the somatic health of individuals with TS/CTD is warranted. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

中文翻译：

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抽动秽语综合征和慢性抽动障碍的全因和原因特异性死亡率


背景抽动秽语综合征 （TS） 和慢性抽动障碍 （CTD） 可能与死亡风险增加有关，但对具体死亡原因知之甚少。目的在这项匹配的队列和兄弟姐妹队列研究中，我们估计了 TS/CTD 个体的全因和原因特异性死亡风险，与未受影响的匹配个体和未受影响的全兄弟姐妹相比。方法我们在瑞典国家患者登记册中确定了 1973 年至 2020 年间居住在该国的所有诊断为 TS/CTD 的个体，并将他们 （1：10） 与普通人群中无 TS/CTD 的个体相匹配。我们还确定了他们没有 TS/CTD 的兄弟姐妹。根据国际疾病分类代码，全因和原因特异性死亡结局从死因登记册中提取。协变量包括社会人口学变量和精神疾病。使用 Cox 比例风险回归模型估计死亡风险。结果我们纳入了 10,280 例 TS/CTD 患者和 102,800 例匹配的无 TS/CTD 个体。在调整后的模型中，TS/CTD 个体的全因死亡率风险增加 86% （风险比： 1.86,95% 置信区间： 1.65-2.11）。自然原因（特别是神经、消化和呼吸系统疾病）和非自然原因（包括自杀和事故）的风险均观察到增加。兄弟姐妹比较显示了相似的结果，表明这些关联不太可能用家族混杂来解释。结论TS/CTD 患者因自然和非自然原因死亡的风险增加。由于其中一些死亡是可以预防的，因此有必要更加关注 TS/CTD 患者的躯体健康。 © 2024 作者。由 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表国际帕金森和运动障碍协会出版的《运动障碍》。