A well-known problem of lead acid batteries (LABs) is the limited charge efficiency and cyclability, due to the heavy electrode degradation during the discharging-charging process. Specifically, grid corrosion remains a detrimental issue to solve in flooded LAB. In this regard, it was observed that the addition of carbons in the positive active mass (PAM) of LABs improves the battery performances specifically the mechanical strength and the conductivity, which is beneficial for uniform current distribution during the charge-discharge process. In this paper, three different carbon-based compounds namely carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and graphitic carbon were selected as additives based on their physicochemical and electrochemical properties such as surface area, porosity, graphitization degree, conductivity, contact angle (wettability), and overpotential versus the hydrogen evolution reaction. Positive active masses at different carbon additive loadings (0.04 ÷ 0.4 % wt_PbO) were tested in an absorbent glass mat (AGM) LAB 1+/2− prototype cell. The prepared cells were tested under a standard charge-discharge protocol and then water loss was evaluated by coupling electrochemical polarization and gas analysis in accumulation mode. Incorporating carbon additives results in a remarkable increase in grid corrosion resistance and oxygen recombination.

中文翻译：

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创新碳添加剂对吸收性玻璃毡铅酸电池正活性质量的影响


铅酸电池 （LAB） 的一个众所周知的问题是充电效率和可循环性有限，这是由于放电-充电过程中电极严重退化。具体来说，在淹没的 LAB 中，网格腐蚀仍然是一个需要解决的有害问题。在这方面，据观察，在 LAB 的正有效质量 （PAM） 中添加碳可以提高电池性能，特别是机械强度和导电性，这有利于充放电过程中的均匀电流分布。在本文中，根据三种不同的碳基化合物，即炭黑、碳纳米管和石墨碳，根据它们的物理化学和电化学性质，如表面积、孔隙率、石墨化度、电导率、接触角（润湿性）和过电位与析氢反应的关系，选择它们作为添加剂。在吸收性玻璃垫 （AGM） LAB 1+/2− 原型单元中测试了不同碳添加剂负载 （0.04 ÷ 0.4 % wt _PbO ） 下的正活性质量。在标准充放电方案下对制备的电池进行测试，然后通过耦合电化学极化和累积模式下的气体分析来评估水分损失。加入碳添加剂可显著提高板栅的耐腐蚀性和氧复合性。