Due to the growing demand for energy and the threat of environmental problems, advanced energy storage and conversion technologies have attracted considerable attention as alternatives to conventional technologies. Platinum group metals (PGMs), especially platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd)-based materials, have shown remarkable potential for storage and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to their high catalytic activity, electrochemically active sites, surface area, permeability, charge transfer resistance, electrical conductivity, and corrosion resistance. However, the scarcity and high price of PGMs hinder their practical application in the commercial sector. Moreover, the availability of PGM electrodes/catalysts with high activity and stable electrochemical performance is critical for developing long-term and cost-effective energy storage/conversion technologies. Therefore, this review focuses on the recent advances in the synthesis strategies for single-atom, alloy-based, and composite Pt and Pd electrocatalysts, their structure-performance relationships, and applications in various energy sectors. The challenges of material stability, cost reduction, and the engineering of highly efficient catalysts, as well as future directions for enhancing their performance in conversion and energy storage technologies such as fuel-cells, metal-air batteries, supercapacitors, hydrogen storage and dye-sensitized solar cells are discussed.

中文翻译：

---

Pt 和 Pd 基材料的最新进展概述：从设计策略到反应机理


由于对能源的需求不断增长和环境问题的威胁，先进的储能和转换技术作为传统技术的替代品引起了相当大的关注。铂族金属 （PGM），尤其是铂 （Pt） 和钯 （Pd） 基材料，由于其高催化活性、电化学活性位点、表面积、磁导率、电荷转移电阻、导电性和耐腐蚀性，在储存和氧还原反应 （ORR） 以及析氢反应 （HER） 方面显示出显着的潜力。然而，铂族金属的稀缺性和高价格阻碍了它们在商业领域的实际应用。此外，具有高活性和稳定电化学性能的 PGM 电极/催化剂的可用性对于开发长期且具有成本效益的储能/转换技术至关重要。因此，本文重点介绍了单原子、合金基和复合 Pt 和 Pd 电催化剂的合成策略的最新进展、它们的结构-性能关系以及在各种能源领域的应用。讨论了材料稳定性、降低成本和高效催化剂工程化的挑战，以及提高其在转换和储能技术（如燃料电池、金属空气电池、超级电容器、储氢和染料敏化太阳能电池）中性能的未来方向。