Land occupation policies can have unintended consequences to the landscape structure, with pervasive effects on biodiversity. Here we investigate the long-term consequences of contrasting historical types of occupation in Amazonian landscapes (few large vs several small landowners) on forest fragmentation and landscape structure. Using satellite Landsat images series, we identified typologies of deforestation in the Amazon connected to large landowners (i.e., Geometric pattern of deforestation) and small landowners (i.e., Fishbone pattern). Within those images, we selected seven landscapes (50×50 km) of each deforestation pattern and tracked the evolution of landscape spatial configuration through landscape metrics (forest fragments number, size, shape, and edge-core relation) from 1985 to 2015. Results showed that the amount of deforestation area was similar across time, irrespective of the deforestation patterns. However, in association with the Fishbone pattern, forest fragmentation resulted in numerous small forest fragments, with more intricate shape and forest patches containing two to three times more forest under edge effects when compared to the Geometric pattern. On the other hand, landscapes with Geometric patterns had larger deforestation patches, exposing the forest and the biodiversity to a less permeable or a low-quality matrix (usually pasture or soybean) and its known negative consequences. As a result, the threats to biodiversity should be different in each kind of landscape, despite both having the same levels of deforestation. The long-term consequences to the landscape structure will remain an untracked problem for forest conservation unless reforestation policies, tailored to the specificities of each typology of deforestation and forest remanent, are considered for the region.

中文翻译：

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巴西亚马逊地区不同土地占用策略的长期景观结构变化


土地占用政策可能会对景观结构产生意想不到的后果，对生物多样性产生普遍影响。在这里，我们研究了亚马逊景观中不同历史类型的职业类型（少数大土地所有者与几个小土地所有者）对森林破碎化和景观结构的长期影响。使用卫星 Landsat 图像系列，我们确定了与大土地所有者（即森林砍伐的几何模式）和小土地所有者（即鱼骨模式）相关的亚马逊森林砍伐类型。在这些图像中，我们选择了每种森林砍伐模式的 7 个景观（50×50 公里），并通过景观指标（森林碎片数量、大小、形状和边缘核心关系）跟踪了 1985 年至 2015 年景观空间配置的演变。结果表明，无论森林砍伐模式如何，森林砍伐面积的数量在不同时间上都是相似的。但是，与鱼骨图案相关，森林碎片会导致许多小森林碎片，与几何图案相比，形状更加复杂，并且森林斑块包含的边缘效果下的森林数量增加了 2 到 3 倍。另一方面，具有几何图案的景观具有更大的森林砍伐斑块，使森林和生物多样性暴露在渗透性较低或质量低下的基质（通常是牧场或大豆）及其已知的负面后果中。因此，尽管每种景观的森林砍伐程度相同，但对生物多样性的威胁应该不同。 除非考虑针对该地区的每种森林砍伐和剩余森林类型的具体情况制定重新造林政策，否则对景观结构的长期影响仍将是一个未被跟踪的森林保护问题。