This study examines weather conditions in Małopolska (Lesser Poland, southern Poland) from 1861 to 1919, utilizing historical meteorological materials stored in the Archives of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management — National Research Institute, Poland. The region developed an extensive meteorological network in the latter half of the nineteenth century, preserving daily and sub-daily measurements of air temperature and precipitation, along with notes on socio-economic events and environmental issues. Despite the loss of many early records, the study focuses on 14 measurement points, including the Kraków–Observatory, which has been in operation since 1792 and served as the reference station. Data were digitized through the HISTKLIM project. Analysis revealed that air temperatures in the late 1800s and early 1900s were lower than present-day values, with varied rainfall patterns. The study highlights the substantial value of these historical records, despite gaps and the absence of metadata. Comparing historical weather conditions to current climate normals (1991–2020), the findings contribute to understanding regional climate variability and underscore the importance of preserving archival meteorological data for future research.

中文翻译：

---

20 世纪之交波兰南部的天气状况 — 来自存档观测记录的见解


本研究利用存储在波兰国家研究所气象和水管理研究所档案中的历史气象资料，研究了 1861 年至 1919 年兰（小波兰、波兰南部）的天气状况。该地区在 19 世纪下半叶建立了一个广泛的气象网络，保存了每日和次日的气温和降水测量值，以及有关社会经济事件和环境问题的记录。尽管丢失了许多早期记录，但该研究侧重于 14 个测量点，包括自 1792 年以来一直投入运营并作为参考站的克拉科夫天文台。数据通过 HISTKLIM 项目进行数字化。分析显示，1800 年代末和 1900 年代初的气温低于现在的值，降雨模式各不相同。该研究强调了这些历史记录的巨大价值，尽管存在差距和元数据的缺失。将历史天气状况与当前气候正常值（1991-2020 年）进行比较，这些发现有助于理解区域气候变率，并强调了保存档案气象数据以备未来研究的重要性。