This study proposes a novel VFM on a fiber scale to capture the ballistic behavior of 3DOWF. The model effectively reveals yarn deformation during the weaving process of fabric, and yarn pull-out, interfiber friction and yarn interactions during the ballistic response. The results revealed that the VFM exhibited a ballistic response consistent with high-speed photography observations and successfully captured fiber slippage and pull-out behavior under impact. Compared to the YM, the VFM enables the observation of nonsimultaneous fiber breakage and fiber interactions. Moreover, it illustrates the role of yarn pull-out in the penetration resistance of the 3DOWF, dissipating the kinetic energy of the projectile in the form of friction. Furthermore, the VFM delineated the specific functions of each system yarn. Specifically, the warp and weft yarns primarily serve as impediments to the projectile, whereas the Z yarn binds the weft, promoting the increased involvement of the weft in dissipating kinetic energy. Building on this investigation, the impact of the clamping method on the ballistic performance of the 3DOWF was explored. The findings revealed that yarn pullout emerged as the primary failure mode under the weft sides. Notably, the warp yarns predominantly experienced pullout, which enhanced the friction energy. The Z yarn binds to weft yarns that gather with warp yarns to form a strip-like protrusion, impeding the projectile motion owing to the increased number of yarns. The VFM contributes significantly to the exploration of the impact of fabric structures on ballistic performance, offering valuable insights for designing and enhancing ballistic fabric structures.

中文翻译：

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基于虚拟纤维模型的三维正交各向异性机织物的弹道行为


本研究提出了一种纤维尺度上的新型 VFM 来捕获 3DOWF 的弹道行为。该模型有效地揭示了织物织造过程中的纱线变形，以及弹道响应过程中的纱线拉出、纤维间摩擦和纱线相互作用。结果表明，VFM 表现出与高速摄影观测一致的弹道响应，并成功捕捉了冲击下的纤维滑移和拉出行为。与 YM 相比，VFM 能够观察非同步纤维断裂和纤维相互作用。此外，它还说明了纱线拉出在 3DOWF 的穿透阻力中的作用，以摩擦的形式耗散弹丸的动能。此外，VFM 描述了每种系统纱线的具体功能。具体来说，经纱和纬纱主要作为弹丸的阻碍，而 Z 纱则束缚纬纱，促进纬纱增加对耗散动能的参与。在这项调查的基础上，探讨了夹紧方法对 3DOWF 弹道性能的影响。研究结果表明，纱线拉出是纬纱两侧的主要失效模式。值得注意的是，经纱主要经历拉出，这增强了摩擦能量。Z 纱线与纬纱结合，纬纱与经纱聚集在一起形成条状突起，由于纱线数量增加，阻碍了弹丸运动。VFM 为探索织物结构对防弹性能的影响做出了重大贡献，为设计和增强防弹织物结构提供了有价值的见解。