This study aimed to investigate the differences in the mechanisms of microscopic hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and neurotoxicity in aquatic organisms co-exposed to styrene-butadiene rubber tire microplastics (SBR TMPs) and fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs). We found that hepatotoxicity in zebrafish induced by SBR TMPs and FQs was significantly higher than developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity. Furthermore, the main effects of the FQs primarily manifested as synergistic toxicity, whereas the low- and high-order interactions of the FQs mainly exhibited synergistic and antagonistic effects, respectively. Factorial analysis and the mixture toxicity index revealed that the synergistic effects of lomefloxacin × moxifloxacin and ciprofloxacin × lomefloxacin × enrofloxacin interactions significantly contributed to hepatotoxicity in zebrafish exposed to SBR TMP. SBR TMPs and antibiotics primarily induced hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and neurotoxicity in zebrafish by affecting the activities of Cyp1a, Acox1, TRα, and mAChR. The observed toxicities were closely linked to the hydrophilic/hydrophobic groups, electronegativity, group mass, and structural complexity of the FQ molecules. This study provides new insights regarding the toxicological risks to aquatic organisms from co-exposure to SBR TMPs and FQs from a microscopic perspective. Future studies should include a broader range of antibiotics and tire microplastics and consider their long-term adverse effects on aquatic life.

中文翻译：

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与斑马鱼共同暴露于氟喹诺酮类抗生素和轮胎微塑料相关的肝毒性、发育毒性和神经毒性风险：一项计算机模拟研究


本研究旨在探讨共同暴露于丁苯橡胶轮胎微塑料 （SBR TMP） 和氟喹诺酮类抗生素 （FQ） 的水生生物微观肝毒性、发育毒性和神经毒性机制的差异。我们发现 SBR TMPs 和 FQs 诱导的斑马鱼肝毒性显著高于发育毒性和神经毒性。此外，FQs 的主效应主要表现为协同毒性，而 FQs 的低阶和高阶相互作用分别主要表现出协同作用和拮抗作用。因子分析和混合毒性指数显示，洛美沙星×莫西沙星和环丙沙星×洛美沙星×恩诺沙星相互作用的协同作用显着导致暴露于 SBR TMP 的斑马鱼的肝毒性。SBR TMPs 和抗生素主要通过影响 Cyp1a 、 Acox1 、 TRα 和 mAChR 的活性来诱导斑马鱼的肝毒性、发育毒性和神经毒性。观察到的毒性与 FQ 分子的亲水/疏水基团、电负性、基团质量和结构复杂性密切相关。本研究从微观角度为共同暴露 SBR TMP 和 FQ 对水生生物的毒理学风险提供了新的见解。未来的研究应包括更广泛的抗生素和轮胎微塑料，并考虑它们对水生生物的长期不利影响。