Forest ecosystems are important for biodiversity conservation and human societies, but are under pressure due to climate change and human interventions. This applies to natural forests as well as tree plantations. The latter are globally widespread and therefore gaining increasing importance for biodiversity conservation. However, even after dieback due to increasing disturbance frequencies, such plantations are primarily managed for economic returns, leading to growing conflicts among stakeholders. In particular, the impact of forest management on biodiversity is being discussed. This study investigates the effects of five management approaches in a landscape severely affected by spruce (Picea abies L.) dieback on beetle diversity, conservation, and community composition. We considered direct effects of management and indirect effects of environmental parameters separately in ground-dwelling and flight-active beetles. Beetle diversity was strongly affected by forest management, with non-intervention deadwood stands being most beneficial for beetles. In addition, we show indirect effects of environmental factors. In general, parameters related to salvage logging (e.g. open canopies, tree stumps) influenced beetle diversity and conservation negatively, while positive effects were found for soil nutrient availability and plant species richness. Community composition differed strongly among management categories and indicated a lack of landscape connectivity for open habitat species, as we found only low proportions of such species even on salvage-logged sites. We propose a mixture of management approaches after bark beetle outbreaks, including a substantial proportion of non-intervention deadwood stands, to increase landscape heterogeneity and connectivity. This may increase overall biodiversity while addressing the concerns of both forestry and species conservation.

中文翻译：

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云杉人工林的枯死：枯木林分和管理异质性增强了甲虫的多样性和栖息地的连通性


森林生态系统对生物多样性保护和人类社会很重要，但由于气候变化和人类干预而面临压力。这适用于天然林和人工林。后者在全球范围内广泛分布，因此对生物多样性保护的重要性越来越大。然而，即使在由于干扰频率增加而枯死之后，此类人工林的管理主要是为了经济回报，导致利益相关者之间的冲突越来越大。特别是，正在讨论森林管理对生物多样性的影响。本研究调查了在受云杉 （Picea abies L.） 枯萎病严重影响的景观中，五种管理方法对甲虫多样性、保护和群落组成的影响。我们分别考虑了地面栖息和飞行活跃的甲虫的管理直接影响和环境参数的间接影响。甲虫多样性受到森林管理的强烈影响，非干预枯木林分对甲虫最有利。此外，我们还显示了环境因素的间接影响。一般来说，与抢救性采伐相关的参数（例如开放的树冠、树桩）对甲虫的多样性和保护有负面影响，而对土壤养分可用性和植物物种丰富度有积极影响。不同管理类别的群落组成差异很大，表明开放栖息地物种缺乏景观连通性，因为即使在打捞性采伐的地点，我们发现此类物种的比例也很低。我们提出了树皮甲虫爆发后的混合管理方法，包括很大一部分非干预枯木林分，以增加景观异质性和连通性。 这可能会增加整体生物多样性，同时解决林业和物种保护的问题。