Parenting in very early childhood (0-2 years) provides important context for children's socioemotional development. The present study aims to address limitations of extant parenting literature, namely the reliance on white, middle-class samples and use of variable-centered approaches that often mask the rich heterogeneity of parenting styles. Using data from an efficacy trial of a tiered parenting program to promote school readiness, the current study examined parenting styles across three waves when children were 6, 18, and 24 months with a sample of Black/African American and Latina mothers with low incomes using person-oriented, latent class analysis. Based on multiple fit indices and interpretability, a three-class model was found to best fit the data. Two of the three parenting classes were identified for both Black/African American and Latina groups across all three ages: one was characterized by high levels of sensitivity, positive regard, and language quality/quantity (High Support and Warmth) and the other was characterized by moderate levels of these indicators (Moderate/Low, Moderate, and Moderate/High Support and Warmth). The third class varied the most between groups and over time. For Black/African American mothers, the third class was characterized most notably by the level of directiveness (ranging from High at 6 months, Moderate at 18 months, and Low at 24 months). For Latina mothers, this class was characterized by varying levels of directiveness and stimulation that were High at 6 months and Moderate at 18 and 24 months. Within most classes, mean levels of parenting behaviors varied by age. Findings emphasize the importance of considering age, culture, and time when assessing maternal parenting from infancy to toddlerhood.

中文翻译：

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低收入黑人/非裔美国人和拉丁裔母亲从婴儿期到幼儿期的养育方式


幼儿期 （0-2 岁） 的育儿为儿童的社会情感发展提供了重要的背景。本研究旨在解决现有育儿文献的局限性，即对白人、中产阶级样本的依赖和对以变量为中心的方法的使用，这些方法往往掩盖了育儿方式的丰富异质性。使用分层育儿计划的有效性试验数据来促进入学准备，目前的研究使用以人为本的潜在阶级分析，检查了儿童 6、18 和 24 个月大时三个浪潮的育儿方式，样本是低收入的黑人/非裔美国人和拉丁裔母亲。基于多个拟合指数和可解释性，发现了一个最适合数据的三类模型。为所有三个年龄段的黑人/非裔美国人和拉丁裔群体确定了三个育儿类别中的两个：一个的特点是高水平的敏感性、积极的关注和语言质量/数量（高支持和温暖），另一个的特点是这些指标的中等水平（中等/低、中等和中等/高支持和温暖）。第三类在组间和时间上差异最大。对于黑人/非裔美国母亲，第三类最显着的特点是指导性水平（从 6 个月时的高、18 个月的中等和 24 个月的低不等）。对于拉丁裔母亲来说，这个类别的特点是不同程度的指导性和刺激，在 6 个月时为高，在 18 个月和 24 个月时为中度。在大多数课程中，育儿行为的平均水平因年龄而异。研究结果强调了在评估从婴儿期到幼儿期的母体养育方式时考虑年龄、文化和时间的重要性。