Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) poses significant ecological risks owing to its toxicity; however, its specific effects on toxin-producing cyanobacteria in aquatic environments remain poorly understood. This study systematically investigated the effects of TBBPA at concentrations ranging from 100 ng/L to 100 mg/L on Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) by examining growth, photosynthesis, toxin production, antioxidant responses, and molecular-level changes. The results indicated that low levels of TBBPA (0.1–1000 μg/L) induced stimulatory effects on the growth and microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) production of M. aeruginosa. Metabolomic analysis revealed that low levels of TBBPA significantly upregulated metabolites associated with energy metabolism, xenobiotic biodegradation, oxidative stress responses, and protein biosynthesis in M. aeruginosa, potentially contributing to the observed hormetic effect. Conversely, higher doses (40–100 mg/L) inhibited growth and significantly increased MC-LR release by compromising cellular structural integrity. Proteomic analysis revealed that toxic levels of TBBPA significantly affected the expression of proteins associated with energy harvesting and utilization. Specifically, TBBPA disrupted electron flow in oxidative phosphorylation and the photosynthetic system (PS) by targeting PSI, PSII, and Complex I, impairing energy acquisition and causing oxidative damage, ultimately leading to algal cell death. Additionally, proteins involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of cysteine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan were upregulated, potentially enhancing M. aeruginosa resistance to TBBPA-induced stress. This study offers insights into the effects of TBBPA on M. aeruginosa and its potential risks to aquatic ecosystems.

中文翻译：

---

揭示暴露于阻燃剂四溴双酚 A 的铜绿微囊藻中的毒素产生和分子水平反应


四溴双酚 A （TBBPA） 由于其毒性而构成重大的生态风险;然而，它对水生环境中产生毒素的蓝藻的具体影响仍然知之甚少。本研究通过检查生长、光合作用、毒素产生、抗氧化反应和分子水平变化，系统研究了浓度范围为 100 ng/L 至 100 mg/L 的 TBBPA 对铜绿微囊藻 （M. aeruginosa） 的影响。结果表明，低水平的 TBBPA （0.1–1000 μg/L） 对铜绿分枝杆菌的生长和微囊藻毒素-亮氨酸-精氨酸 （MC-LR） 的产生产生产生刺激作用。代谢组学分析显示，低水平的 TBBPA 显着上调了铜绿分枝杆菌中与能量代谢、外源性生物降解、氧化应激反应和蛋白质生物合成相关的代谢物，可能有助于观察到的激素效应。相反，较高剂量 （40–100 mg/L） 会抑制生长，并通过损害细胞结构完整性来显着增加 MC-LR 的释放。蛋白质组学分析显示，TBBPA 的毒性水平显着影响与能量收集和利用相关的蛋白质的表达。具体来说，TBBPA 通过靶向 PSI、PSII 和复合物 I 破坏氧化磷酸化和光合系统 （PS） 中的电子流，损害能量获取并造成氧化损伤，最终导致藻类细胞死亡。此外，参与半胱氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成和代谢的蛋白质上调，可能增强铜绿分枝杆菌对 TBBPA 诱导的胁迫的抵抗力。 本研究提供了对 TBBPA 对铜绿分枝杆菌的影响及其对水生生态系统的潜在风险的见解。