Cancer vaccines are promising therapeutic approaches to enhance specific T-cell immunity against most solid tumors. By stimulating anti-tumor immunity, clearing minimal residual disease, and minimizing adverse effects, these vaccines target tumor cells and are effective when combined with immune checkpoint blockade or other immunotherapies. However, the development of tumor cell-based vaccines faces quality issues due to poor immunogenicity, tumor heterogeneity, a suppressive tumor immune microenvironment, and ineffective delivery methods. In contrast, extracellular vesicles (EVs), naturally released by cells, are considered the ideal drug carriers and vaccine platforms. EVs offer highly organ-specific targeting, induce broader and more effective immune responses, and demonstrate superior tissue delivery ability. The development of EV vaccines is crucial for advancing cancer immunotherapy. Compared to cell-based vaccines, EV vaccines produced under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) offer advantages such as high safety, ease of preservation and transport, and a wide range of sources. This review summarizes the latest research findings on EV vaccine and potential applications in this field. It also highlights novel neoantigens for the development of EV vaccines against cancer.

中文翻译：

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基于细胞外囊泡的疫苗：针对癌症的新兴免疫疗法


癌症疫苗是增强针对大多数实体瘤的特异性 T 细胞免疫力的有前途的治疗方法。通过刺激抗肿瘤免疫、清除微小残留病灶和最大限度地减少不良反应，这些疫苗靶向肿瘤细胞，与免疫检查点阻断或其他免疫疗法联合使用时有效。然而，由于免疫原性差、肿瘤异质性、抑制性肿瘤免疫微环境和无效的递送方法，基于肿瘤细胞的疫苗的开发面临质量问题。相比之下，细胞自然释放的细胞外囊泡 （EV） 被认为是理想的药物载体和疫苗平台。EV 提供高度器官特异性的靶向性，诱导更广泛、更有效的免疫反应，并表现出卓越的组织递送能力。EV 疫苗的开发对于推进癌症免疫治疗至关重要。与基于细胞的疫苗相比，根据良好生产规范 （GMP） 生产的 EV 疫苗具有安全性高、易于保存和运输以及来源广泛等优点。本文总结了 EV 疫苗的最新研究成果及其在该领域的潜在应用。它还强调了用于开发抗癌症 EV 疫苗的新型新抗原。