Veterinary antibiotics are widely spread in the environment, however, the knowledge about their impact on soil key species is still limited. This study evaluated the short-term and long-term effects of tetracycline (TC), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) (1–500 mg kg) on earthworm Dendrobaena veneta by measuring multiple parameters (survival, growth, reproduction, behavior and biochemical responses). Neither antibiotic induced acute toxicity and low mortality was observed after chronic exposure. TC and CIP had a negligible effect on the earthworm’s weight from the 6th week of exposure, SMX inhibited the earthworm growth when was present in the range of 50–500 mg kg−1. In parallel, SMX reduced earthworm reproduction at environmentally relevant concentrations. Antibiotics altered superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and gluthathione-S-transferase (GST) activities and induced lipid peroxidation. Overall, earthworms showed no apparent acute response at environmentally relevant concentrations except for avoidance behavior; after long-term exposure earthworms experienced biochemical, physiological, and reproductive impairments and reduced survival at high soil contamination.

中文翻译：

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通过生命周期、行为和生化参数对蚯蚓 Dendrobaena veneta 进行四环素、环丙沙星和磺胺甲噁唑的综合毒性评估


兽用抗生素在环境中广泛传播，然而，关于它们对土壤关键物种影响的了解仍然有限。本研究通过测量多个参数（存活、生长、繁殖、行为和生化反应），评估了四环素 （TC）、环丙沙星 （CIP） 和磺胺甲噁唑 （SMX） （1-500 mg kg） 对蚯蚓 Dendrobaena veneta 的短期和长期影响。长期暴露后未观察到抗生素诱导的急性毒性和低死亡率。从暴露第 6 周开始，TC 和 CIP 对蚯蚓体重的影响可以忽略不计，当 SMX 存在于 50-500 mg kg-1 范围内时，会抑制蚯蚓的生长。同时，SMX 减少了环境相关浓度下的蚯蚓繁殖。抗生素改变了超氧化物歧化酶 （SOD） 、过氧化氢酶 （CAT） 、谷胱甘肽还原酶 （GR） 和葡糖硫酮-S-转移酶 （GST） 活性并诱导脂质过氧化。总体而言，除了回避行为外，蚯蚓在环境相关浓度下没有表现出明显的急性反应;长期暴露后，蚯蚓会出现生化、生理和生殖障碍，并在土壤高度污染的情况下降低存活率。