A review of Pavlovian conditioning in animals and humans reveals a critical role for expectancy in the learning of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US), as well as in the expression of this association in a conditioned response (CR). The automatic and involuntary nature of CRs has traditionally been explained in terms of the formation of excitatory or inhibitory links between representations of the CS and US. However, this view has difficulty accounting for the variety of CRs that are observed, some qualitatively different from those elicited by the US, depending on the imminence of the predicted US and the nature of the CS. Furthermore, in humans, the same anticipatory responses are seen when the CS-US relationship is instructed rather than experienced and when the imminent occurrence of the US is directly instructed, without a mediating CS. These findings suggest an alternative explanation in which CRs are anticipatory responses elicited automatically by a specific state of expectancy of the US. The similarity between Pavlovian conditioning in animals and humans in turn suggests a continuity of core mechanisms for learning and performance. We conclude that research and theory in Pavlovian conditioning should go beyond the search for direct CS-US connections and seek to understand the mechanisms that underlie CS-US contingency knowledge, expectancy states, and the generation of anticipatory responses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

---

期望在巴甫洛夫条件反射中的作用。


对动物和人类巴甫洛夫条件反射的回顾揭示了期望在学习条件刺激 （CS） 和非条件刺激 （US） 之间的关联以及在条件反应 （CR） 中表达这种关联中的关键作用。CR 的自动和非自愿性质传统上被解释为 CS 和 US 的表征之间形成兴奋性或抑制性联系。然而，这种观点很难解释观察到的 CR 的多样性，其中一些与美国引发的 CR 有质的不同，这取决于预测的 US 的迫在眉睫和 CS 的性质。此外，在人类中，当 CS-US 关系被指示而不是体验时，以及当 US 的即将发生被直接指示时，在没有中介 CS 的情况下，会看到相同的预期反应。这些发现提出了另一种解释，其中 CR 是由美国的特定预期状态自动引发的预期反应。动物和人类的巴甫洛夫条件反射之间的相似性反过来表明学习和表现的核心机制的连续性。我们得出的结论是，巴甫洛夫条件反射的研究和理论应该超越寻找直接的 CS-US 联系，并寻求理解 CS-US 应急知识、期望状态和预期反应产生的基础机制。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 （c） 2024 APA，保留所有权利）。