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RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR 22 is a key modulator of the root hair growth responses to fungal ethylene emissions in Arabidopsis.
Plant Physiology ( IF 6.5 ) Pub Date : 2024-12-02 , DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae484
Rafael Jorge León Morcillo,Jesús Leal-López,Alberto Férez-Gómez,Lidia López-Serrano,Edurne Baroja-Fernández,Samuel Gámez-Arcas,Germán Tortosa,Leonel E López,José Manuel Estevez,Verónica G Doblas,Laura Frías-España,María Dolores García-Pedrajas,Jorge Sarmiento-Villamil,Javier Pozueta-Romero

In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh), exposure to volatile compounds (VCs) emitted by Penicillium aurantiogriseum promotes root hair (RH) proliferation and hyper-elongation through mechanisms involving ethylene, auxin, and photosynthesis signaling. In addition, this treatment enhances the levels of the small signaling peptide RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR 22 (RALF22). Here, we used genetics to address the role of RALF22 in fungal VC-promoted RH growth and to identify the bioactive fungal VC. We found that RHs of ralf22 and feronia (fer-4) plants impaired in the expression of RALF22 and its receptor FERONIA, respectively, responded weakly to fungal VCs. Unlike in wild-type roots, fungal VC exposure did not enhance RALF22 transcript levels in roots of fer-4 and ethylene- and auxin-insensitive mutants. In ralf22 and fer-4 roots, this treatment did not enhance the levels of ERS2 transcripts encoding one member of the ethylene receptor family and those of some RH-related genes. RHs of ers2-1 and the rsl2rsl4 double mutants impaired in the expression of ERS2 and the ethylene- and auxin-responsive ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6-LIKE 2 and 4 transcription factors, respectively, weakly responded to fungal VCs. Moreover, roots of plants defective in photosynthetic responsiveness to VCs exhibited weak RALF22 expression and RH growth responses to fungal VCs. VCs of ΔefeA strains of P. aurantiogriseum cultures impaired in ethylene synthesis weakly promoted RH proliferation and elongation in exposed plants. We conclude that RALF22 simultaneously functions as a transcriptionally regulated signaling molecule that participates in the ethylene, auxin, and photosynthesis signaling-mediated RH growth response to fungal ethylene emissions and regulation of ethylene perception in RHs.

中文翻译:


快速碱化因子 22 是拟南芥中根毛生长对真菌乙烯排放反应的关键调节剂。



在拟南芥 (Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh) 中,暴露于金青霉释放的挥发性化合物 (VC) 通过涉及乙烯、生长素和光合作用信号传导的机制促进根毛 (RH) 增殖和过度伸长。此外,这种处理提高了小信号肽快速碱化因子 22 (RALF22) 的水平。在这里,我们使用遗传学来解决 RALF22 在真菌 VC 促进的 RH 生长中的作用,并鉴定生物活性真菌 VC。我们发现 ralf22 和 feronia (fer-4) 植物的 RHs 分别在 RALF22 及其受体 FERONIA 的表达中受损,对真菌 VCs 的反应较弱。与野生型根不同,真菌 VC 暴露不会增强 fer-4 以及乙烯和生长素不敏感突变体根中的 RALF22 转录水平。在 ralf22 和 fer-4 根中,这种处理并没有提高编码乙烯受体家族一个成员和一些 RH 相关基因的 ERS2 转录本的水平。ers2-1 的 RHs 和 rsl2rsl4 双突变体在 ERS2 的表达中受损,乙烯和生长素响应的根毛缺陷 6 样 2 和 4 转录因子分别对真菌 VCs 反应较弱。此外,对 VCs 的光合响应性缺陷的植物根对真菌 VCs 表现出较弱的 RALF22 表达和 RH 生长反应。在乙烯合成中受损的 P. aurantiogriseum 培养物的 ΔefeA 菌株的 VCs 弱促进了暴露植物的 RH 增殖和伸长。我们得出结论,RALF22 同时作为转录调节的信号分子发挥作用,参与乙烯、生长素和光合作用信号介导的 RH 生长对真菌乙烯排放的反应和对 RH 中乙烯感知的调节。
更新日期:2024-12-02
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