A review concerning the development and performance of water-based fixed fire fighting systems (WFFFS) in road tunnels is presented. Conventional WFFFS types, including automatic sprinkler system, deluge system, and water mist system, have gained recognition as valuable supplements to ventilation systems in combating tunnel fires. Full-scale projects through international collaborations have been instrumental in formulating guidelines for facilitating the installation and optimal functioning of WFFFS in road tunnels. Extensive small-scale experiments, along with numerical investigations documented in literature, greatly contribute to complete exploring the performance of WFFFS. Owing to these efforts, advantages of WFFFS, such as reducing fire size, cooling hot smoke, and limiting smoke spread are well affirmed, and the shed mechanisms behind these fire fighting effects now have been well understood. However, WFFFS also present challenges from aspects such as disrupting smoke stratification and augmenting the production of toxic combustion products. From the review, further development of WFFFS in road tunnels relies on establishing methods of specifying design fires that accounts for suppression effects of WFFFS, as well as gaining deeper insights into the cooperative and interactive mechanisms between WFFFS and mechanical ventilation systems.

中文翻译：

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公路隧道水基固定消防系统性能研究进展


本文综述了公路隧道中水基固定消防系统 （WFFFS） 的开发和性能。传统的 WFFFS 类型，包括自动喷水灭火系统、雨淋系统和细水雾系统，已被公认为通风系统在扑灭隧道火灾方面的宝贵补充。通过国际合作开展的全面项目有助于制定指南，以促进 WFFFS 在公路隧道中的安装和最佳运行。广泛的小规模实验以及文献中记录的数值研究极大地有助于完成对 WFFFS 性能的探索。由于这些努力，WFFFS 的优势，如减小火势、冷却热烟和限制烟雾蔓延等优点得到了很好的肯定，这些灭火效果背后的脱落机制现在已经得到了很好的理解。然而，WFFFS 也带来了挑战，例如破坏烟雾分层和增加有毒燃烧产物的产生。从综述来看，公路隧道中 WFFFS 的进一步发展依赖于建立指定设计火灾的方法，以解释 WFFFS 的抑制作用，以及更深入地了解 WFFFS 和机械通风系统之间的合作和交互机制。