Multilingual language control is commonly investigated using picture-naming paradigms with explicit instructions when to switch between languages. In daily life, language switching also occurs without external cues. Cued language-switching tasks usually show a switch cost (i.e., slower responses on switch than non-switch trials). Findings of switch costs in response times are mixed for voluntary language switching. This pre-registered study uses a bilingual picture-naming paradigm to compare voluntary and cued language switching in 25 highly proficient Dutch-English bilinguals using EEG. We analysed the N2 ERP component and midfrontal theta oscillations, two common electrophysiological markers of cognitive control in task and language switching. We observed significantly smaller behavioural switch costs in the voluntary task. This suggests that voluntary language switching is less effortful than switching based on external cues. However, we found no electrophysiological switch effects in either task. We discuss factors which may contribute to the inconsistency between behavioural and electrophysiological findings.

中文翻译：

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cueed 中的切换成本是否比自愿语言切换更高？来自行为和电生理学的证据


多语言语言控制通常使用图片命名范例进行研究，并明确说明何时在语言之间切换。在日常生活中，语言转换也会在没有外部线索的情况下发生。提示语言切换任务通常显示切换成本（即，切换时的响应比非切换试验慢）。对于自愿语言切换，响应时间的转换成本结果喜忧参半。这项预先注册的研究使用双语图片命名范式来比较 25 名使用脑电图的高度熟练的荷兰语-英语双语者的自主和提示语言切换。我们分析了 N2 ERP 成分和中额叶 θ 振荡，这是任务和语言转换中认知控制的两种常见电生理标志物。我们观察到自愿任务中的行为转换成本明显较低。这表明自愿语言切换比基于外部线索的切换更省力。然而，我们在这两项任务中都没有发现电生理开关效应。我们讨论了可能导致行为和电生理结果之间不一致的因素。