Modern humans arrived in Europe more than 45,000 years ago, overlapping at least 5,000 years with Neanderthals^1–4. Limited genomic data from these early modern humans have shown that at least two genetically distinct groups inhabited Europe, represented by Zlatý kůň, Czechia³ and Bacho Kiro, Bulgaria². Here we deepen our understanding of early modern humans by analyzing one high-coverage genome and five low-coverage genomes from ~45,000 year-old remains from Ilsenhöhle in Ranis, Germany⁴, and a further high-coverage genome from Zlatý kůň. We show that distant familial relationships link the Ranis and Zlatý kůň individuals and that they were part of the same small, isolated population that represents the deepest known split from the Out-of-Africa lineage. Ranis genomes harbor Neanderthal segments that originate from a single admixture event shared with all non-Africans that we date to ~45,000-49,000 years ago. This implies that ancestors of all non-Africans sequenced to-date resided in a common population at this time, and further suggests that modern human remains older than 50,000 years from outside Africa represent different non-African populations.

现代人在 45,000 多年前抵达欧洲，与尼安德特人^1-4 至少重叠了 5,000 年。来自这些早期现代人的有限基因组数据表明，至少有两个基因不同的群体居住在欧洲，以捷克的 Zlatý kůň³ 和保加利亚的 Bacho Kiro² 为代表。在这里，我们通过分析来自德国拉尼斯 Ilsenhöhle 的 ~45,000 年前遗骸的一个高覆盖度基因组和五个低覆盖度基因组⁴，以及来自 Zlatý kůň 的另一个高覆盖度基因组，加深了我们对早期现代人类的理解。我们表明，远距离的家族关系将 Ranis 和 Zlatý kůň 个体联系起来，并且他们是同一个小而孤立的人群的一部分，代表了非洲外血统中已知最深的分裂。Ranis 基因组包含尼安德特人片段，这些片段起源于我们与所有非非洲人共享的单一混合事件，我们可以追溯到 ~45,000-49,000 年前。这意味着迄今为止测序的所有非非洲人的祖先此时都居住在一个共同的人群中，并进一步表明来自非洲以外 50,000 多年的现代人类遗骸代表了不同的非非洲人群。