This study investigates the efficacy of surfactants as a means to manage the annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis, particularly in populations demonstrating resistance to pyrethroids. Laboratory assays evaluated L. maculicollis adult mortality when exposed to 13 unique turfgrass surfactant classes alone and in combination with a low rate of bifenthrin. Results from dose–response assays suggest that the alkylpolyglucoside (Alypso), organosilicone (Silwet), anionic blend (Pervade), and the anionic + nonionic blend (Duplex) surfactants were acutely toxic to adults. When combined with low rates of pyrethroid, additive effects were seen with each of these classes plus the block copolymer + alkylpolyglucoside (Dispatch), which was non‐toxic in the absence of pyrethroids. The top four surfactant classes were further examined for their ability to depress cytochrome P450 enzyme activity, an enzyme family suspected to confer resistance within L. maculicollis. Only the block copolymer + alkylpolyglucoside blend showed a notable decrease in P450 activity, suggesting a potential mechanism for overcoming insecticide resistance in populations where enhanced enzymatic activity is responsible for pyrethroid resistance. However, the enzyme activity in the tested population of moderately resistant weevils did not show a significant increase, indicating that resistance to pyrethroids in L. maculicollis involves mechanisms other than enhanced enzymatic detoxification. Further research is needed to elucidate additional mechanisms of resistance as well as confirm the benefits of incorporating surfactants into L. maculicollis management strategies in the field.

中文翻译：

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表面活性剂毒性和与拟除虫菊酯的协同活性在管理耐药 Listronotus maculicollis Kirby 种群中的协同活性


本研究调查了表面活性剂作为管理一年生蓝草象鼻虫 Listronotus maculicollis 的手段的功效，特别是在表现出对拟除虫菊酯耐药性的种群中。实验室检测评估了单独暴露于 13 种独特的草坪草表面活性剂类别和联合使用联苯菊酯时 L. maculicollis 成虫死亡率。剂量反应测定的结果表明，烷基聚葡萄糖苷 （Alypso）、有机硅 （Silwet）、阴离子混合物 （Pervade） 和阴离子 + 非离子混合物 （Duplex） 表面活性剂对成人具有急性毒性。当与低水平的拟除虫菊酯联合使用时，这些类别中的每一类加上嵌段共聚物 + 烷基聚葡萄糖苷 （Dispatch） 都可以看到累加效应，后者在没有拟除虫菊酯的情况下是无毒的。进一步检查了前四类表面活性剂抑制细胞色素 P450 酶活性的能力，该酶家族被怀疑在黄颈乳杆菌内产生抗性。只有嵌段共聚物 + 烷基聚葡萄糖苷混合物的 P450 活性显着降低，这表明在酶活性增强导致拟除虫菊酯耐药性的种群中，存在克服杀虫剂耐药性的潜在机制。然而，在测试的中度抗性象鼻虫种群中的酶活性并未显示出显着增加，这表明 L. maculicollis 对拟除虫菊酯的抗性涉及增强酶解毒以外的机制。需要进一步的研究来阐明其他耐药机制，并确认将表面活性剂纳入该领域 L. maulicollis 管理策略的好处。