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Plasticizer exposure in Germany from 1988 to 2022: Human biomonitoring data of 20 plasticizers from the German Environmental Specimen Bank
Environment International ( IF 10.3 ) Pub Date : 2024-12-12 , DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109190
Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg, Claudia Pälmke, Sonja Wrobel, Thomas Brüning, Aline Murawski, Petra Apel, Till Weber, Marike Kolossa-Gehring, Holger M. Koch

The German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) annually archives 24-h urine samples since the early 1980s. In this study, we analyzed 420 of these samples from the years 2014 to 2022 for metabolites of 18 phthalates and two substitutes. We merged the new data with the data from previous measurement campaigns to a combined dataset of 1825 samples covering a 35-year period from 1988 to 2022 to investigate time trends, calculate daily intakes and perform an anti-androgenic mixture risk assessment. With the extended set of 41 biomarkers, we are now able to monitor the exposure to all EU-labelled reprotoxic phthalates. Most phthalate exposures continued to decrease since first measurements in the 80s, with biggest drops for DnBP (96.6 %) and DEHP (90.9 %). DiNP and DiDP, seen on the rise in earlier campaigns, now declined. Exposures to the newly included, reprotoxic phthalates were generally negligible. Regarding mixture risk, 5 % of the highly exposed still exceeded the Hazard Index (HI) of 1 in 2009. In the current measurement campaign only three individuals (0.7 %) exceeded the HI of 1 (with exceedances still driven by DEHP and DnBP).In 2022, 20 % of the individuals still had an HI > 0.2, which we propose as a benchmark for interpreting phthalate mixture risk, considering concurrent exposures to other anti-androgens. Exposure to the substitutes DINCH and DEHTP continues to increase, with daily intakes of DEHTP exceeding those of DEHP since 2018. Compared with the United States (US) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) phthalate exposures seem to align, except for DEHTP with up to ten times higher levels in the US. Human biomonitoring (HBM) is the ideal tool to capture actual mixture exposures per individual, integrating all external exposure sources and pathways, thus we will continue to use HBM in exposure and risk assessment of phthalates and other (anti-androgenic) chemicals.

中文翻译:


1988 年至 2022 年德国的增塑剂暴露情况:来自德国环境样本库的 20 种增塑剂的人体生物监测数据



自 1980 年代初以来,德国环境标本库 (ESB) 每年都会存档 24 小时尿液样本。在这项研究中,我们分析了 2014 年至 2022 年的 420 个样品中 18 种邻苯二甲酸盐和两种替代品的代谢物。我们将新数据与之前测量活动的数据合并到一个包含 1825 个样本的组合数据集中,涵盖从 1988 年到 2022 年的 35 年期间,以调查时间趋势、计算每日摄入量并进行抗雄激素混合物风险评估。通过扩展的 41 种生物标志物集,我们现在能够监测所有欧盟标记的生殖毒性邻苯二甲酸盐的暴露情况。自 80 年代首次测量以来,大多数邻苯二甲酸酯暴露量持续下降,其中 DnBP (96.6%) 和 DEHP (90.9%) 的下降幅度最大。DiNP 和 DiDP 在早期活动中呈上升趋势,现在下降了。暴露于新纳入的、具有生殖毒性的邻苯二甲酸酯通常可以忽略不计。关于混合风险,2009 年,5% 的高度暴露仍然超过了 1 的风险指数 (HI)。在目前的测量活动中,只有 3 个人 (0.7%) 超过 1 的 HI(超标仍然由 DEHP 和 DnBP 驱动)。2022 年,20% 的个体仍有 HI > 0.2,考虑到同时暴露于其他抗雄激素,我们建议将其作为解释邻苯二甲酸酯混合物风险的基准。对替代品 DINCH 和 DEHTP 的暴露持续增加,自 2018 年以来,DEHTP 的每日摄入量超过了 DEHP。与美国 (US) 国家健康和营养检查调查 (NHANES) 相比,邻苯二甲酸酯暴露似乎一致,但 DEHTP 除外,美国的水平高出十倍。 人体生物监测 (HBM) 是捕获每个个体实际混合物暴露的理想工具,整合了所有外部暴露来源和途径,因此我们将继续使用 HBM 进行邻苯二甲酸盐和其他(抗雄激素)化学品的暴露和风险评估。
更新日期:2024-12-12
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