This study investigated the predictive use of dative verb constraints in Mandarin among home-country-raised native speakers and classroom learners (including both sequential L2 learners and heritage speakers). In a visual world eye-tracking experiment, participants made anticipatory looks to the upcoming argument (recipient versus theme) following categorical restrictions of non-alternating verbs and gradient bias of alternating verbs before the acoustic onset of the disambiguating noun. Crucially, no delay or reduction in the prediction effects was observed among L2 learners and heritage speakers in comparison with home-country-raised native speakers. Mandarin proficiency and dominant language (English versus other) did not modulate prediction effects among classroom learners. These findings provide direct support for the assumption of error-driven learning accounts of the dative alternation, that is, language users actively predict upcoming arguments based on verb information during real-time sentence processing.

中文翻译：

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以普通话为母语的人和学习者根据分类动词约束和梯度动词约束预测与格结构中即将到来的争论


本研究调查了在本国长大的母语人士和课堂学习者（包括顺序 L2 学习者和传统使用者）在普通话中与格动词限制的预测使用。在视觉世界眼动追踪实验中，参与者在消歧名词的声学开始之前，遵循非交替动词的分类限制和交替动词的梯度偏差，对即将到来的论点（接收者与主题）进行预期性观察。至关重要的是，与在本国长大的母语人士相比，在 L2 学习者和传统使用者中未观察到预测效果的延迟或降低。普通话熟练度和主导语言 （英语与其他语言） 不会调节课堂学习者的预测效应。这些发现为与格交替的错误驱动学习账户的假设提供了直接支持，即语言用户在实时句子处理过程中根据动词信息主动预测即将到来的论点。